UPPER AIR CALCULATIONS AND PLOTTING (Ver 5.52-LINUX-X11) Current filename: /home/data/upa/2025122812.upa.cvt Date: 1200Z 28 DEC 25 Searching for KBUF... Searching the city database file for: KBUF ... Date:1200Z 28 DEC 25 Station: KBUF WMO ident: 72528 Latitude: 42.93 Longitude: -78.73 Elevation: 215.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LEV PRES HGHT TEMP DEWP RH DD WETB DIR SPD THETA THE-V THE-W THE-E W mb m C C % C C deg knt K K K K g/kg ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 1000 143 SFC 990 215 -4.3 -4.8 96 0.5 -4.5 50 5 269.6 270.1 269.2 276.9 2.70 2 980 296 -5.1 -5.7 96 0.6 -5.3 83 7 269.6 270.0 269.0 276.5 2.54 3 974 345 -3.7 -5.5 87 1.8 -4.3 103 9 271.5 271.9 270.3 278.6 2.60 4 953 520 -3.1 -3.8 95 0.7 -3.4 174 14 273.8 274.3 272.3 282.1 3.02 5 946 579 -2.9 -4.3 90 1.4 -3.4 198 16 274.6 275.1 272.7 282.6 2.93 6 937 656 -1.1 -5.5 72 4.4 -2.7 213 18 277.2 277.6 273.8 284.7 2.70 7 932 699 0.8 -5.2 64 6.0 -1.4 216 19 279.5 280.0 275.3 287.4 2.78 8 931 708 1.2 -5.8 60 7.0 -1.4 217 19 280.0 280.5 275.4 287.5 2.66 9 926 752 4.6 -9.4 35 14.0 -0.4 219 20 283.9 284.3 276.6 289.8 2.02 10 925 761 6.2 -11.8 26 18.0 -0.1 220 20 285.6 285.9 276.9 290.6 1.67 11 924 770 7.2 -11.8 24 19.0 0.5 219 20 286.8 287.1 277.5 291.7 1.67 12 923 779 7.8 -12.2 23 20.0 0.7 219 20 287.5 287.7 277.8 292.3 1.62 13 919 815 8.0 -13.0 21 21.0 0.7 216 20 288.0 288.3 277.9 292.6 1.53 14 913 869 10.2 -30.8 4 41.0 -0.0 213 20 290.8 290.9 277.6 291.9 0.32 15 906 933 10.8 -30.2 4 41.0 0.3 209 20 292.1 292.1 278.2 293.2 0.34 16 901 979 10.8 -32.2 3 43.0 0.1 208 19 292.5 292.6 278.4 293.5 0.28 17 871 1260 9.2 -34.8 3 44.0 -1.0 201 18 293.7 293.8 278.9 294.5 0.23 18 850 1461 8.2 -23.8 8 32.0 -1.0 205 21 294.7 294.9 279.9 296.9 0.66 19 845 1510 7.8 -19.2 13 27.0 -0.8 205 21 294.8 295.0 280.4 297.9 0.99 20 830 1657 7.4 -34.6 3 42.0 -2.3 209 21 295.9 296.0 279.9 296.7 0.24 21 804 1918 6.2 -31.8 5 38.0 -3.0 219 21 297.3 297.4 280.7 298.4 0.33 22 747 2515 1.6 -19.4 19 21.0 -4.8 240 18 298.7 298.9 282.3 302.2 1.10 23 725 2755 0.4 -22.6 16 23.0 -6.1 240 19 299.9 300.1 282.5 302.7 0.86 24 713 2888 -0.3 -18.3 24 18.0 -5.9 240 21 300.6 300.8 283.2 304.6 1.27 25 705 2978 -0.7 -21.7 19 21.0 -6.7 240 22 301.1 301.3 283.1 304.2 0.96 26 700 3035 -0.9 -19.9 22 19.0 -6.6 240 23 301.5 301.7 283.4 305.1 1.12 27 693 3115 -1.5 -17.5 28 16.0 -6.6 242 23 301.7 301.9 283.8 306.1 1.39 28 688 3172 -1.7 -20.7 22 19.0 -7.2 243 23 302.1 302.3 283.6 305.5 1.07 29 659 3512 -4.7 -21.7 25 17.0 -9.4 251 20 302.5 302.6 283.7 305.8 1.02 30 653 3584 -4.9 -24.9 19 20.0 -10.0 253 20 303.0 303.2 283.6 305.6 0.78 31 640 3741 -5.9 -21.9 27 16.0 -10.3 254 19 303.6 303.8 284.2 307.0 1.03 32 632 3840 -6.7 -16.7 45 10.0 -9.8 252 20 303.8 304.1 284.9 309.0 1.64 33 616 4039 -8.5 -16.5 52 8.0 -11.0 253 20 304.0 304.3 285.1 309.4 1.71 34 588 4397 -11.1 -27.1 25 16.0 -14.7 269 20 305.0 305.2 284.3 307.4 0.71 35 581 4489 -11.9 -26.9 28 15.0 -15.2 272 22 305.1 305.3 284.4 307.6 0.73 36 576 4555 -12.5 -23.5 39 11.0 -15.2 274 22 305.2 305.4 284.7 308.5 1.00 37 558 4796 -14.5 -24.5 42 10.0 -16.8 275 28 305.6 305.8 284.8 308.7 0.94 38 554 4850 -14.3 -30.3 24 16.0 -17.4 275 30 306.5 306.6 284.7 308.4 0.56 39 549 4919 -14.7 -33.7 18 19.0 -18.0 276 32 306.8 306.9 284.7 308.2 0.40 40 540 5044 -14.9 -40.9 9 26.0 -18.7 279 34 308.0 308.1 284.8 308.7 0.20 41 537 5086 -14.9 -36.9 13 22.0 -18.4 280 35 308.5 308.6 285.1 309.6 0.30 42 534 5128 -15.3 -34.3 18 19.0 -18.6 281 36 308.5 308.6 285.2 309.9 0.39 43 529 5199 -15.9 -26.9 38 11.0 -18.3 283 38 308.6 308.8 285.8 311.3 0.80 44 527 5227 -16.3 -25.3 46 9.0 -18.3 283 39 308.5 308.7 285.9 311.6 0.93 45 523 5284 -16.9 -26.9 42 10.0 -19.0 285 40 308.4 308.6 285.7 311.2 0.81 46 518 5356 -17.5 -23.5 59 6.0 -18.9 287 42 308.6 308.8 286.1 312.2 1.11 47 513 5429 -18.1 -22.8 67 4.7 -19.2 288 44 308.7 308.9 286.2 312.6 1.19 48 507 5516 -18.3 -21.5 76 3.2 -19.1 290 45 309.5 309.7 286.7 313.9 1.35 49 500 5620 -18.9 -22.2 75 3.3 -19.7 290 44 310.0 310.2 286.8 314.3 1.29 50 495 5695 -19.3 -22.3 77 3.0 -20.0 292 44 310.4 310.6 287.0 314.7 1.29 51 490 5771 -19.9 -23.9 70 4.0 -20.8 293 43 310.6 310.8 286.9 314.3 1.13 52 472 6049 -21.5 -23.9 81 2.4 -22.0 299 42 311.9 312.1 287.3 315.9 1.17 53 449 6417 -23.5 -26.4 77 2.9 -24.1 295 40 313.9 314.1 287.8 317.2 0.99 54 443 6516 -23.1 -26.0 77 2.9 -23.7 294 43 315.6 315.8 288.5 319.1 1.04 55 400 7260 -27.3 -30.0 78 2.7 -27.8 285 66 319.5 319.7 289.5 322.3 0.79 56 300 9270 -43.1 -47.1 65 4.0 -43.3 290 94 324.6 324.6 290.3 325.3 0.18 57 250 10470 -53.1 -56.1 70 3.0 -53.2 290 103 327.1 327.1 291.0 327.4 0.08 58 200 11870 -64.3 -67.1 68 2.8 -64.3 290 119 330.9 330.9 292.0 331.0 0.02 59 185 12344 -67.3 -71.6 54 4.3 -67.3 290 122 333.5 333.5 292.7 333.6 0.01 60 182 12443 -66.8 -72.6 44 5.8 -66.8 295 124 335.9 335.9 293.3 336.0 0.01 61 150 13630 -60.9 -83.9 3 23.0 -61.1 300 85 365.2 365.2 299.7 365.2 0.00 62 100 16140 -63.9 -86.9 3 23.0 -64.1 305 43 404.3 404.3 305.7 404.3 0.00 63 86 17060 -65.7 -88.7 3 23.0 -65.8 285 47 418.5 418.5 307.5 418.5 0.00 64 84 17204 -62.3 -88.3 2 26.0 -62.6 280 48 428.2 428.2 308.6 428.2 0.00 65 81 17430 -60.5 -87.5 2 27.0 -60.9 276 51 436.4 436.4 309.5 436.4 0.00 66 77 17745 -60.9 -87.9 2 27.0 -61.2 281 58 441.9 441.9 310.1 441.9 0.00 67 76 17826 -58.5 -87.5 1 29.0 -59.0 283 57 448.6 448.6 310.7 448.6 0.00 68 70 18340 -61.3 -88.3 2 27.0 -61.7 295 50 453.2 453.2 311.1 453.3 0.00 69 66 18704 -62.9 -88.9 2 26.0 -63.2 295 44 457.5 457.5 311.5 457.5 0.00 70 53 20044 -66.7 -89.7 3 23.0 -67.0 299 32 478.3 478.3 313.3 478.3 0.00 71 51 20278 -63.1 -90.1 1 27.0 -63.5 299 31 492.0 492.0 314.4 492.0 0.00 72 50 20400 -63.7 -89.7 2 26.0 -64.1 300 30 493.4 493.4 314.5 493.4 0.00 73 42 21459 -68.1 -91.1 2 23.0 -68.4 292 36 507.7 507.7 315.5 507.7 0.00 74 39 21909 -64.1 -90.1 2 26.0 -64.6 295 26 528.7 528.7 316.8 528.7 0.00 75 32 23110 -67.9 -91.9 2 24.0 -68.2 309 19 549.3 549.3 318.1 549.3 0.00 76 31 23302 -67.5 -92.5 2 25.0 -67.8 299 23 555.4 555.4 318.4 555.4 0.00 77 30 23500 -65.9 -91.9 1 26.0 -66.4 300 35 565.0 565.0 318.9 565.0 0.00 78 27 24134 -68.1 -92.1 2 24.0 -68.5 314 36 576.1 576.1 319.5 576.1 0.00 79 24 24844 -64.9 -90.9 2 26.0 -65.5 279 27 605.1 605.1 320.9 605.1 0.00 80 22 25372 -66.1 -92.1 1 26.0 -66.7 277 30 616.8 616.8 321.3 616.8 0.00 81 21 25654 -65.1 -91.1 2 26.0 -65.8 285 34 628.1 628.1 321.8 628.1 0.00 82 20 25950 -66.1 -92.1 1 26.0 -66.7 285 37 633.8 633.8 322.0 633.9 0.00 83 20 25950 -66.9 -91.9 2 25.0 -67.5 285 37 631.4 631.4 322.0 631.4 0.00 84 19 26261 -65.3 -92.3 1 27.0 -66.0 286 38 645.7 645.7 322.5 645.7 0.00 85 18 26590 -65.7 -91.7 2 26.0 -66.4 287 38 654.5 654.5 322.9 654.5 0.00 86 14 28140 -59.9 -88.9 1 29.0 -61.7 275 49 722.9 722.9 325.1 723.0 0.01 87 13 28601 -61.9 -89.9 1 28.0 -63.4 266 54 731.5 731.5 325.4 731.6 0.01 88 12 29097 -60.7 -89.7 1 29.0 -62.6 265 52 752.7 752.7 326.0 752.8 0.01 89 11 29638 -61.9 -89.9 1 28.0 -63.7 265 62 767.3 767.3 326.4 767.4 0.01 90 10 30230 -60.1 -89.1 1 29.0 -62.4 265 74 795.2 795.2 327.1 795.3 0.01 91 9.1 30821 -58.1 -88.1 1 30.0 -61.1 824.6 824.6 327.8 824.8 0.02 92 8.6 31176 -59.3 -88.3 1 29.0 -62.1 833.4 833.4 328.0 833.5 0.02 93 8.1 31553 -57.5 -88.5 1 31.0 -60.9 854.9 854.9 328.5 855.1 0.02 94 7.1 32386 -57.3 -88.3 1 31.0 -61.1 888.6 888.6 329.2 888.8 0.02 TRP 185 12344 -67.3 -71.6 54 4.3 -67.3 290 122 333.5 333.5 292.7 333.6 0.01 WND 182 12443 -66.8 -72.6 44 5.8 -66.8 295 124 335.9 335.9 293.3 336.0 0.01 Sounding variables and indices 1000-500 mb thick: 5477.00 m Freezing level: Surface below freezing Freezing level: 934.11 mb = 680.94 m = 2234.04 ft Freezing level: 718.14 mb = 2830.88 m = 9287.54 ft Wetbulb zero: Below ground Precipitable water: 0.28 inches Sfc-500 mean rel hum: 30.35 % Est. max temperature: 21.18 C = 70.12 F Sfc-Lift cond lev (LCL): 982.10 mb = 278.92 m = 915.07 ft T: -4.93 C 700-500 lapse rate: 6.96 C/km ThetaE index: 1.20 C Layer 830.0- 804.0 mb Conv cond level (CCL): 523.69 mb = 5274.56 m = 17304.77 ft Mean mixing ratio: 1.96 g/kg Conv temperature: 34.41 C = 93.94 F Cap Strength: 20.18 C Lifted Index: 20.46 C Risk: None Lifted Index @300 mb: 27.49 C Lifted Index @700 mb: 17.54 C Showalter Index: 12.28 C Risk: None Total Totals Index: 22.20 C Risk: None Vertical Totals Index: 27.10 C Cross Totals Index: -4.90 C K Index: -15.70 Risk: None Sweat Index: 235.52 Risk: None Energy Index: 3.58 Risk: None Parcel Indices Parcel: using 100 mb layer CAPE (B+): 123.66 J/kg Max Up Vert Vel: 15.73 m/s Conv Inhibition (B-): 63367.18 J/kg Cap Strength: 20.37 C Lift Cond Lev (LCL): 782.44 mb = 2138.37 m = 7015.55 ft Lev Free Conv (LFC): -1.00 mb = -9999.00 m = -9999.00 ft Wind level data Storm motion: 289 at 18 knt ---------------------------------------------------------- TRUE/GROUND REL | STORM REL LEV P H DIR SPD U V | DIR SPD U V mb m knt m/s | knt m/s ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 990 215 50 5 -3.8 -3.2 | 97 21 -21.3 2.8 1 943 610 210 17 8.5 14.7 | 157 23 -8.9 20.7 2 925 761 220 20 12.9 15.3 | 168 22 -4.6 21.3 3 908 914 210 20 10.0 17.3 | 162 24 -7.4 23.3 4 875 1219 200 17 5.8 16.0 | 152 25 -11.6 22.0 5 850 1461 205 21 8.9 19.0 | 161 26 -8.6 25.0 6 843 1524 205 21 8.9 19.0 | 161 26 -8.6 25.0 7 812 1829 215 22 12.6 18.0 | 169 24 -4.8 24.0 8 782 2134 230 18 13.8 11.6 | 168 18 -3.7 17.6 9 753 2438 240 18 15.6 9.0 | 173 15 -1.9 15.0 10 726 2743 240 19 16.5 9.5 | 176 16 -1.0 15.5 11 700 3035 240 23 19.9 11.5 | 188 18 2.5 17.5 12 699 3048 240 24 20.8 12.0 | 191 18 3.3 18.0 13 646 3658 255 19 18.4 4.9 | 185 11 0.9 10.9 14 620 3962 250 20 18.8 6.8 | 186 13 1.4 12.8 15 596 4267 265 19 18.9 1.7 | 191 8 1.5 7.6 16 573 4572 275 23 22.9 -2.0 | 234 7 5.5 4.0 17 551 4877 275 31 30.9 -2.7 | 256 14 13.4 3.3 18 509 5486 290 45 42.3 -15.4 | 291 27 24.8 -9.4 19 500 5620 290 44 41.3 -15.0 | 291 26 23.9 -9.1 20 469 6096 300 42 36.4 -21.0 | 308 24 18.9 -15.0 21 450 6401 295 40 36.3 -16.9 | 300 22 18.8 -10.9 22 400 7260 285 66 63.8 -17.1 | 283 48 46.3 -11.1 23 380 7620 285 74 71.5 -19.2 | 284 56 54.0 -13.2 24 364 7925 290 81 76.1 -27.7 | 290 63 58.7 -21.7 25 333 8534 285 87 84.0 -22.5 | 284 69 66.6 -16.5 26 305 9144 290 86 80.8 -29.4 | 290 68 63.4 -23.4 27 300 9270 290 94 88.3 -32.1 | 290 76 70.9 -26.2 28 254 10363 290 104 97.7 -35.6 | 290 86 80.3 -29.6 29 250 10470 290 103 96.8 -35.2 | 290 85 79.3 -29.2 30 200 11870 290 119 111.8 -40.7 | 290 101 94.4 -34.7 31 185 12344 290 122 114.6 -41.7 | 290 104 97.2 -35.7 32 182 12443 295 124 112.4 -52.4 | 296 106 94.9 -46.4 33 180 12497 295 124 112.4 -52.4 | 296 106 94.9 -46.4 34 155 13411 300 95 82.3 -47.5 | 303 77 64.8 -41.5 35 150 13630 300 85 73.6 -42.5 | 303 67 56.2 -36.5 36 121 14935 290 80 75.2 -27.4 | 290 62 57.7 -21.4 37 116 15240 295 87 78.8 -36.8 | 297 69 61.4 -30.8 38 100 16140 305 43 35.2 -24.7 | 316 26 17.8 -18.7 39 95 16459 305 43 35.2 -24.7 | 316 26 17.8 -18.7 40 82 17374 275 49 48.8 -4.3 | 267 31 31.4 1.7 41 78 17678 280 59 58.1 -10.2 | 276 41 40.7 -4.3 42 71 18288 290 50 47.0 -17.1 | 291 32 29.5 -11.1 43 70 18340 295 50 45.3 -21.1 | 299 32 27.9 -15.1 44 61 19202 295 36 32.6 -15.2 | 301 18 15.2 -9.2 45 50 20400 300 30 26.0 -15.0 | 317 12 8.5 -9.0 46 50 20422 265 40 39.8 3.5 | 247 24 22.4 9.5 47 47 20726 295 34 30.8 -14.4 | 302 16 13.4 -8.4 48 45 21031 295 24 21.8 -10.1 | 314 6 4.3 -4.1 49 43 21336 290 34 31.9 -11.6 | 291 16 14.5 -5.6 50 41 21641 295 39 35.3 -16.5 | 300 21 17.9 -10.5 51 39 21946 295 24 21.8 -10.1 | 314 6 4.3 -4.1 52 37 22250 305 23 18.8 -13.2 | 349 7 1.4 -7.2 53 35 22555 295 23 20.8 -9.7 | 318 5 3.4 -3.7 54 32 23165 310 19 14.6 -12.2 | 25 7 -2.9 -6.2 55 30 23470 285 29 28.0 -7.5 | 278 11 10.6 -1.5 56 30 23500 300 35 30.3 -17.5 | 312 17 12.9 -11.5 57 27 24079 315 37 26.2 -26.2 | 337 22 8.7 -20.2 58 26 24384 310 34 26.0 -21.9 | 332 18 8.6 -15.9 59 25 24689 295 30 27.2 -12.7 | 304 12 9.7 -6.7 60 23 24994 265 25 24.9 2.2 | 222 11 7.5 8.2 61 21 25603 285 33 31.9 -8.5 | 280 15 14.4 -2.5 62 20 25950 285 37 35.7 -9.6 | 281 19 18.3 -3.6 63 16 27432 290 40 37.6 -13.7 | 291 22 20.1 -7.7 64 13 28651 265 55 54.8 4.8 | 254 39 37.3 10.8 65 12 28956 265 49 48.8 4.3 | 252 33 31.4 10.3 66 10 30230 265 74 73.7 6.4 | 258 58 56.3 12.4 Wind Parameters Mean winds (0-6000m): 259.0 at 24.6 knts Storm direction: 289.0 at 18.4 knts Shear (0-3000m) pos: 5.5 neg: 1.0 tot: 6.5 10-3/s Storm rel Dir Shear (0-3000m): 93.0 deg Storm rel helicity (0-3000m) pos: 290.7 neg: -39.0 tot: 251.7 m^2/s^2 ave: 83.9 10^-3 m/s^2 rel: 0.58 Storm rel vorticity (0-3000m) horiz: 11.6 stream: 6.7 10^-3/s Energy-Hel index: 0.20 Bulk Rich Number: 2.45 Bulk Shear: 50.42 m/s Storm Parameters ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Depth Mean Inflow| Shear | Helicity | Vorticity AGL Dir Spd Dir Spd| Pos Neg Tot| Pos Neg Tot Ave Rel | Hor Strm m knt knt| 10^-3/s | m^2/s^2 m/s^2 | 10^-3/s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 500 207 12 146 21| 24.7 0.0 24.7|208.6 0.0 208.6 417.2 0.86| 36.5 31.4 1000 209 16 154 22| 12.3 2.9 15.3|212.2 -37.5 174.7 174.7 0.59| 22.1 13.0 1500 207 17 156 23| 10.1 1.9 12.0|253.5 -37.5 216.0 144.0 0.63| 17.1 10.8 2000 211 18 159 23| 7.0 1.5 8.5|264.6 -38.7 225.9 112.9 0.56| 15.0 8.5 2500 217 18 162 21| 5.9 1.2 7.0|272.1 -38.7 233.4 93.3 0.56| 12.7 7.2 3000 222 19 166 20| 5.5 1.0 6.5|290.7 -39.0 251.7 83.9 0.58| 11.6 6.7 4000 230 19 171 18| 3.7 0.7 4.4|293.7 -43.0 250.7 62.7 0.50| 10.0 5.0 5000 243 21 184 15| 4.9 0.6 5.5|342.2 -43.0 299.2 59.8 0.54| 10.4 5.6 6000 259 25 212 13| 4.2 0.5 4.7|422.5 -49.8 372.7 62.1 0.55| 10.2 5.6 Wrote GIF file: /home/apache/climate/data/raob//KBUF/skewt/KBUF.skewt.20251228.12.gif