UPPER AIR CALCULATIONS AND PLOTTING (Ver 5.52-LINUX-X11) Current filename: /home/data/upa/2025122300.upa.cvt Date: 0000Z 23 DEC 25 Searching for KBUF... Searching the city database file for: KBUF ... Date:0000Z 23 DEC 25 Station: KBUF WMO ident: 72528 Latitude: 42.93 Longitude: -78.73 Elevation: 215.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LEV PRES HGHT TEMP DEWP RH DD WETB DIR SPD THETA THE-V THE-W THE-E W mb m C C % C C deg knt K K K K g/kg ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SFC 1001 215 1.0 -0.2 92 1.2 0.5 230 15 274.1 274.7 273.6 284.3 3.76 1 1000 228 1.0 -0.2 92 1.2 0.5 230 12 274.1 274.8 273.6 284.4 3.76 2 967 497 -0.7 -0.8 99 0.1 -0.7 241 30 275.1 275.7 274.1 285.2 3.73 3 952 622 -1.3 -1.9 96 0.6 -1.6 245 37 275.7 276.3 274.2 285.3 3.49 4 925 851 -2.3 -2.9 96 0.6 -2.6 250 35 277.0 277.5 274.6 286.2 3.33 5 913 955 -2.3 -2.7 97 0.4 -2.4 258 33 278.0 278.6 275.3 287.5 3.43 6 910 981 -1.9 -2.5 96 0.6 -2.1 260 33 278.7 279.3 275.8 288.4 3.49 7 888 1175 -3.1 -3.2 99 0.1 -3.1 276 34 279.4 280.0 276.0 288.9 3.40 8 886 1193 -2.9 -3.4 96 0.5 -3.1 278 34 279.8 280.3 276.2 289.1 3.35 9 860 1429 -4.5 -4.5 100 0.0 -4.5 294 35 280.5 281.0 276.3 289.4 3.18 10 850 1521 -4.7 -5.2 96 0.5 -4.9 300 35 281.2 281.7 276.6 289.8 3.05 11 808 1918 -7.1 -7.1 100 0.0 -7.1 309 36 282.8 283.3 277.0 290.7 2.77 12 787 2123 -8.3 -9.0 95 0.7 -8.5 305 32 283.6 284.1 277.0 290.7 2.46 13 753 2465 -9.1 -10.4 90 1.3 -9.5 300 29 286.4 286.8 278.2 293.1 2.30 14 748 2517 -8.7 -10.3 88 1.6 -9.2 300 30 287.3 287.8 278.7 294.2 2.33 15 730 2706 -9.3 -11.7 83 2.4 -10.1 300 32 288.7 289.1 279.1 295.0 2.14 16 700 3029 -11.3 -13.0 87 1.7 -11.8 295 34 290.0 290.3 279.6 296.0 2.01 17 675 3307 -12.7 -14.4 87 1.7 -13.2 297 36 291.4 291.8 280.0 297.0 1.85 18 656 3525 -13.9 -16.6 80 2.7 -14.6 299 37 292.5 292.8 280.1 297.3 1.59 19 641 3700 -15.5 -17.6 84 2.1 -16.0 299 38 292.6 292.9 280.1 297.2 1.50 20 620 3952 -16.1 -17.9 86 1.8 -16.6 295 41 294.7 295.0 281.1 299.4 1.51 21 589 4336 -18.9 -19.5 95 0.6 -19.0 290 44 295.8 296.1 281.4 300.1 1.38 22 578 4476 -19.5 -20.7 90 1.2 -19.8 290 43 296.7 296.9 281.6 300.7 1.27 23 570 4580 -19.1 -20.6 88 1.5 -19.4 290 43 298.4 298.6 282.4 302.5 1.30 24 564 4659 -19.5 -20.9 89 1.4 -19.8 291 47 298.8 299.0 282.5 302.8 1.28 25 558 4738 -19.9 -19.9 100 0.0 -19.9 293 52 299.2 299.5 282.9 303.7 1.41 26 541 4968 -20.5 -21.1 95 0.6 -20.6 295 63 301.2 301.4 283.5 305.4 1.31 27 536 5037 -20.1 -22.3 83 2.2 -20.6 295 65 302.5 302.7 283.9 306.3 1.19 28 532 5092 -19.9 -21.7 86 1.8 -20.3 295 67 303.3 303.6 284.4 307.4 1.27 29 500 5550 -22.9 -23.6 94 0.7 -23.1 295 80 305.1 305.3 284.9 308.8 1.14 30 497 5594 -22.3 -24.2 84 1.9 -22.7 295 81 306.4 306.6 285.3 309.9 1.09 31 491 5683 -22.7 -24.6 84 1.9 -23.1 295 82 307.0 307.2 285.5 310.5 1.06 32 465 6078 -26.1 -26.1 100 0.0 -26.1 295 89 307.5 307.7 285.6 310.8 0.98 33 454 6251 -27.3 -27.9 95 0.6 -27.4 297 93 308.1 308.3 285.7 311.0 0.85 34 452 6282 -26.7 -29.2 79 2.5 -27.1 298 94 309.3 309.4 286.0 311.8 0.76 35 451 6298 -26.7 -29.7 76 3.0 -27.2 298 94 309.5 309.6 286.0 311.9 0.72 36 447 6363 -27.1 -31.1 69 4.0 -27.7 299 96 309.8 309.9 286.0 311.9 0.64 37 437 6525 -28.5 -33.3 63 4.8 -29.2 300 94 310.0 310.1 286.0 311.8 0.53 38 405 7063 -33.3 -37.5 66 4.2 -33.7 308 93 310.6 310.7 286.0 311.9 0.38 39 400 7150 -33.9 -38.6 62 4.7 -34.4 310 94 310.9 311.0 286.1 312.1 0.34 40 397 7203 -34.3 -38.6 65 4.3 -34.7 310 95 311.1 311.1 286.1 312.3 0.34 41 387 7381 -35.1 -40.1 60 5.0 -35.5 309 97 312.3 312.4 286.5 313.4 0.30 42 366 7769 -37.7 -40.7 73 3.0 -37.9 305 101 313.9 313.9 287.1 314.9 0.30 43 340 8273 -42.1 -43.1 90 1.0 -42.2 303 107 314.6 314.6 287.2 315.5 0.25 44 337 8333 -42.7 -44.6 82 1.9 -42.8 303 108 314.5 314.6 287.2 315.3 0.21 45 334 8393 -42.9 -47.9 58 5.0 -43.2 302 109 315.1 315.1 287.3 315.6 0.15 46 332 8434 -43.1 -47.7 60 4.6 -43.3 302 109 315.3 315.4 287.4 315.9 0.15 47 330 8474 -43.5 -49.5 51 6.0 -43.8 302 110 315.3 315.4 287.3 315.8 0.13 48 328 8515 -43.7 -48.7 58 5.0 -43.9 302 110 315.6 315.6 287.5 316.1 0.14 49 322 8639 -44.7 -52.7 40 8.0 -45.0 302 112 315.9 315.9 287.5 316.2 0.09 50 318 8723 -45.5 -52.5 45 7.0 -45.8 301 113 315.9 315.9 287.5 316.3 0.09 51 316 8765 -45.7 -54.7 36 9.0 -46.0 301 113 316.2 316.2 287.6 316.5 0.07 52 313 8829 -45.9 -55.9 31 10.0 -46.2 301 114 316.8 316.8 287.8 317.0 0.06 53 300 9110 -48.1 -55.1 44 7.0 -48.3 300 118 317.6 317.6 288.1 317.8 0.07 54 279 9581 -52.5 -56.6 61 4.1 -52.6 305 117 317.9 317.9 288.1 318.1 0.06 55 272 9744 -53.7 -58.7 54 5.0 -53.8 305 117 318.5 318.5 288.3 318.7 0.05 56 250 10280 -55.9 -64.9 32 9.0 -56.1 305 115 323.0 323.0 289.7 323.1 0.02 57 218 11141 -61.3 -68.5 38 7.2 -61.4 300 138 327.4 327.4 291.0 327.5 0.02 58 215 11226 -61.9 -68.9 39 7.0 -62.0 300 138 327.9 327.9 291.1 328.0 0.02 59 200 11680 -56.1 -75.1 8 19.0 -56.3 310 113 343.9 343.9 295.3 344.0 0.01 60 150 13520 -57.1 -79.1 5 22.0 -57.4 300 99 371.7 371.7 300.9 371.7 0.01 61 100 16070 -59.9 -82.9 3 23.0 -60.2 305 79 412.0 412.0 306.7 412.0 0.00 62 94 16457 -59.1 -83.1 3 24.0 -59.5 305 79 420.9 420.9 307.8 420.9 0.00 63 81 17382 -62.7 -84.7 4 22.0 -63.0 305 72 431.8 431.8 309.0 431.9 0.00 64 70 18280 -63.7 -85.7 3 22.0 -64.0 310 64 448.1 448.1 310.7 448.1 0.00 65 65 18732 -64.5 -86.5 3 22.0 -64.7 304 57 456.0 456.0 311.4 456.0 0.00 66 61 19120 -63.3 -86.3 3 23.0 -63.6 288 37 467.0 467.0 312.4 467.0 0.00 67 55 19752 -65.3 -88.3 3 23.0 -65.5 285 50 476.4 476.4 313.2 476.5 0.00 68 54 19864 -64.5 -87.5 3 23.0 -64.8 285 51 480.8 480.8 313.5 480.8 0.00 69 50 20330 -66.9 -88.9 3 22.0 -67.1 285 38 485.8 485.8 313.9 485.8 0.00 70 47 20703 -68.7 -89.7 3 21.0 -68.9 285 38 490.2 490.2 314.2 490.2 0.00 71 44 21100 -66.7 -89.7 3 23.0 -67.0 288 49 504.4 504.4 315.2 504.4 0.00 72 43 21240 -64.9 -88.9 2 24.0 -65.3 289 53 512.2 512.2 315.8 512.2 0.00 73 43 21240 -62.3 -88.3 2 26.0 -62.8 289 53 518.6 518.6 316.2 518.6 0.00 74 39 21839 -65.1 -89.1 2 24.0 -65.5 273 49 526.2 526.2 316.7 526.2 0.00 75 35 22498 -65.9 -89.9 2 24.0 -66.3 282 49 540.6 540.6 317.6 540.6 0.00 76 30 23440 -63.3 -90.3 1 27.0 -63.9 270 40 572.1 572.1 319.3 572.1 0.00 77 29 23648 -62.3 -89.3 2 27.0 -63.0 268 33 580.4 580.4 319.7 580.4 0.00 78 26 24321 -62.7 -89.7 1 27.0 -63.4 254 40 597.7 597.7 320.5 597.7 0.00 79 25 24561 -64.5 -90.5 2 26.0 -65.1 267 43 599.2 599.3 320.6 599.3 0.00 80 23 25072 -62.3 -90.3 1 28.0 -63.2 272 37 620.2 620.2 321.5 620.2 0.00 81 22 25345 -63.9 -90.9 1 27.0 -64.7 269 36 623.4 623.4 321.6 623.4 0.00 82 21 25631 -62.5 -90.5 1 28.0 -63.4 264 51 635.9 635.9 322.2 636.0 0.01 83 20 25930 -64.7 -90.7 2 26.0 -65.4 250 37 638.1 638.1 322.2 638.2 0.01 84 17 26920 -65.3 -91.3 2 26.0 -66.1 268 50 666.6 666.6 323.3 666.6 0.01 85 17 26920 -62.3 -91.3 1 29.0 -63.4 268 50 676.2 676.2 323.6 676.2 0.01 86 16 27294 -61.7 -89.7 1 28.0 -63.0 262 48 690.0 690.0 324.1 690.0 0.01 87 15 27691 -64.3 -90.3 2 26.0 -65.3 264 48 694.2 694.2 324.3 694.2 0.01 88 14 28115 -61.9 -90.9 1 29.0 -63.3 271 54 716.2 716.2 325.0 716.2 0.01 89 14 28115 -62.3 -91.3 1 29.0 -63.7 271 54 714.8 714.8 324.9 714.8 0.01 90 14 28115 -60.1 -90.1 1 30.0 -61.9 271 54 722.3 722.3 325.1 722.3 0.01 91 13 28578 -59.5 -89.5 1 30.0 -61.5 275 72 739.8 739.8 325.7 739.9 0.01 92 12 29076 -60.9 -89.9 1 29.0 -62.7 275 75 752.0 752.0 326.0 752.0 0.01 93 10 30200 -64.3 -91.3 1 27.0 -65.8 265 84 779.5 779.5 326.7 779.6 0.01 94 10 30200 -63.5 -90.5 1 27.0 -65.1 265 84 782.5 782.5 326.8 782.6 0.01 95 9.3 30644 -64.7 -91.7 1 27.0 -66.2 794.4 794.4 327.1 794.4 0.01 96 9.0 30845 -62.9 -90.9 1 28.0 -64.7 808.8 808.8 327.4 808.9 0.01 TRP 215 11226 -61.9 -68.9 39 7.0 -62.0 300 138 327.9 327.9 291.1 328.0 0.02 WND 218 11141 -61.3 -68.5 38 7.2 -61.4 300 138 327.4 327.4 291.0 327.5 0.02 Sounding variables and indices 1000-500 mb thick: 5322.00 m Freezing level: 980.59 mb = 386.29 m = 1267.35 ft Wetbulb zero: 986.90 mb = 333.76 m = 1095.00 ft Precipitable water: 0.52 inches Sfc-500 mean rel hum: 91.58 % Est. max temperature: 8.08 C = 46.54 F Sfc-Lift cond lev (LCL): 982.35 mb = 370.78 m = 1216.44 ft T: 0.10 C 700-500 lapse rate: 4.60 C/km Conv cond level (CCL): 935.55 mb = 760.74 m = 2495.83 ft Mean mixing ratio: 3.55 g/kg Conv temperature: 3.39 C = 38.11 F Cap Strength: 15.59 C Lifted Index: 16.51 C Risk: None Lifted Index @300 mb: 22.54 C Lifted Index @700 mb: 7.14 C Showalter Index: 13.44 C Risk: None Total Totals Index: 35.90 C Risk: None Vertical Totals Index: 18.20 C Cross Totals Index: 17.70 C K Index: 11.30 Risk: None Sweat Index: 150.00 Risk: None Energy Index: 3.89 Risk: None Parcel Indices Parcel: using 100 mb layer CAPE (B+): 18.17 J/kg Max Up Vert Vel: 6.03 m/s Conv Inhibition (B-): 65034.57 J/kg Cap Strength: 16.45 C Lift Cond Lev (LCL): 941.21 mb = 712.72 m = 2338.28 ft Lev Free Conv (LFC): -1.00 mb = -9999.00 m = -9999.00 ft Wind level data Storm motion: 322 at 34 knt ---------------------------------------------------------- TRUE/GROUND REL | STORM REL LEV P H DIR SPD U V | DIR SPD U V mb m knt m/s | knt m/s ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 1001 215 230 15 11.5 9.6 | 165 38 -9.7 36.8 1 1000 228 230 12 9.2 7.7 | 161 37 -12.0 34.8 2 953 610 245 37 33.5 15.6 | 196 45 12.3 42.8 3 925 851 250 35 32.9 12.0 | 197 41 11.7 39.1 4 918 914 255 33 31.9 8.5 | 197 37 10.7 35.7 5 883 1219 280 34 33.5 -5.9 | 210 25 12.3 21.2 6 850 1521 300 35 30.3 -17.5 | 223 13 9.1 9.6 7 817 1829 310 38 29.1 -24.4 | 251 8 7.9 2.7 8 786 2134 305 32 26.2 -18.4 | 210 10 5.0 8.8 9 755 2438 300 29 25.1 -14.5 | 197 13 3.9 12.6 10 726 2743 300 33 28.6 -16.5 | 215 13 7.4 10.6 11 700 3029 295 34 30.8 -14.4 | 217 16 9.6 12.8 12 644 3658 300 38 32.9 -19.0 | 235 14 11.7 8.1 13 593 4267 290 44 41.3 -15.0 | 239 23 20.2 12.1 14 570 4572 290 43 40.4 -14.7 | 237 23 19.2 12.4 15 547 4877 295 61 55.3 -25.8 | 268 34 34.1 1.3 16 500 5550 295 80 72.5 -33.8 | 277 52 51.3 -6.7 17 463 6096 295 89 80.7 -37.6 | 280 60 59.5 -10.5 18 444 6401 300 97 84.0 -48.5 | 289 66 62.8 -21.4 19 426 6706 300 90 77.9 -45.0 | 287 59 56.7 -17.9 20 400 7150 310 94 72.0 -60.4 | 303 61 50.8 -33.3 21 390 7315 310 97 74.3 -62.4 | 304 64 53.1 -35.2 22 373 7620 305 99 81.1 -56.8 | 296 67 59.9 -29.7 23 300 9110 300 118 102.2 -59.0 | 291 87 81.0 -31.9 24 298 9144 305 119 97.5 -68.3 | 298 87 76.3 -41.1 25 250 10280 305 115 94.2 -66.0 | 298 83 73.0 -38.8 26 247 10363 305 115 94.2 -66.0 | 298 83 73.0 -38.8 27 218 11141 300 138 119.5 -69.0 | 293 107 98.3 -41.9 28 215 11226 300 138 119.5 -69.0 | 293 107 98.3 -41.9 29 213 11278 300 138 119.5 -69.0 | 293 107 98.3 -41.9 30 200 11680 310 113 86.6 -72.6 | 305 80 65.4 -45.5 31 194 11887 310 110 84.3 -70.7 | 305 77 63.1 -43.6 32 185 12192 300 95 82.3 -47.5 | 288 64 61.1 -20.4 33 160 13106 295 101 91.5 -42.7 | 282 72 70.3 -15.6 34 150 13520 300 99 85.7 -49.5 | 289 68 64.5 -22.4 35 132 14326 305 100 81.9 -57.4 | 296 68 60.7 -30.2 36 114 15240 305 78 63.9 -44.7 | 292 46 42.7 -17.6 37 100 16070 305 79 64.7 -45.3 | 293 47 43.5 -18.2 38 94 16459 305 79 64.7 -45.3 | 293 47 43.5 -18.2 39 89 16764 295 85 77.0 -35.9 | 279 57 55.8 -8.8 40 81 17374 305 72 59.0 -41.3 | 291 40 37.8 -14.2 41 77 17678 305 81 66.4 -46.5 | 293 49 45.2 -19.3 42 70 18280 310 64 49.0 -41.1 | 297 31 27.8 -14.0 43 70 18288 305 64 52.4 -36.7 | 287 33 31.2 -9.6 44 66 18593 310 64 49.0 -41.1 | 297 31 27.8 -14.0 45 60 19202 285 33 31.9 -8.5 | 210 21 10.7 18.6 46 54 19812 285 52 50.2 -13.5 | 245 32 29.0 13.7 47 50 20330 285 38 36.7 -9.8 | 222 23 15.5 17.3 48 47 20726 285 38 36.7 -9.8 | 222 23 15.5 17.3 49 42 21336 290 56 52.6 -19.2 | 256 32 31.4 8.0 50 38 21946 270 47 47.0 -0.0 | 224 37 25.8 27.1 51 33 22860 290 50 47.0 -17.1 | 249 28 25.8 10.0 52 30 23440 270 40 40.0 -0.0 | 215 33 18.8 27.1 53 30 23470 275 31 30.9 -2.7 | 202 26 9.7 24.4 54 27 24079 250 38 35.7 13.0 | 200 43 14.5 40.1 55 26 24384 255 41 39.6 10.6 | 206 42 18.4 37.7 56 24 24689 275 44 43.8 -3.8 | 224 32 22.6 23.3 57 22 25298 270 33 33.0 -0.0 | 204 30 11.8 27.1 58 21 25603 265 52 51.8 4.5 | 224 44 30.6 31.7 59 20 25930 250 37 34.8 12.7 | 199 42 13.6 39.8 60 19 26213 255 35 33.8 9.1 | 199 38 12.6 36.2 61 18 26518 250 39 36.6 13.3 | 201 43 15.5 40.5 62 17 26822 270 50 50.0 -0.0 | 227 40 28.8 27.1 63 16 27432 260 48 47.3 8.3 | 216 44 26.1 35.5 64 14 28042 270 47 47.0 -0.0 | 224 37 25.8 27.1 65 14 28346 275 71 70.7 -6.2 | 247 54 49.5 20.9 66 11 29566 275 78 77.7 -6.8 | 250 60 56.5 20.3 67 11 29870 270 72 72.0 -0.0 | 242 58 50.8 27.1 68 10 30200 265 84 83.7 7.3 | 241 71 62.5 34.4 Wind Parameters Mean winds (0-6000m): 292.0 at 45.9 knts Storm direction: 322.0 at 34.4 knts Shear (0-3000m) pos: 6.2 neg: 1.1 tot: 7.3 10-3/s Storm rel Dir Shear (0-3000m): 56.8 deg Storm rel helicity (0-3000m) pos: 357.4 neg: -21.7 tot: 335.7 m^2/s^2 ave: 111.9 10^-3 m/s^2 rel: 0.44 Storm rel vorticity (0-3000m) horiz: 14.0 stream: 6.2 10^-3/s Energy-Hel index: 0.04 Bulk Rich Number: 0.11 Bulk Shear: 161.73 m/s Storm Parameters ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Depth Mean Inflow| Shear | Helicity | Vorticity AGL Dir Spd Dir Spd| Pos Neg Tot| Pos Neg Tot Ave Rel | Hor Strm m knt knt| 10^-3/s | m^2/s^2 m/s^2 | 10^-3/s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 500 243 27 184 40| 22.9 0.0 22.9|239.4 0.0 239.4 478.9 0.91| 25.2 22.9 1000 252 31 192 37| 13.8 0.0 13.8|300.7 0.0 300.7 300.7 0.66| 23.0 15.2 1500 268 32 201 30| 12.5 0.0 12.5|332.3 0.0 332.3 221.5 0.60| 21.0 12.7 2000 279 33 207 25| 9.4 1.5 10.9|336.7 -16.6 320.1 160.0 0.45| 18.3 8.2 2500 284 32 208 22| 7.5 1.2 8.7|348.4 -21.7 326.6 130.7 0.44| 15.9 6.9 3000 286 33 209 21| 6.2 1.1 7.3|357.4 -21.7 335.7 111.9 0.44| 14.0 6.2 4000 289 34 215 19| 5.2 1.6 6.8|375.9 -21.7 354.1 88.5 0.43| 12.0 5.2 5000 290 38 227 20| 6.7 1.3 8.1|522.2 -25.7 496.6 99.3 0.47| 12.7 6.0 6000 292 46 245 24| 6.5 1.7 8.2|659.5 -25.7 633.8 105.6 0.46| 12.5 5.8 Wrote GIF file: /home/apache/climate/data/raob//KBUF/skewt/KBUF.skewt.20251223.00.gif