UPPER AIR CALCULATIONS AND PLOTTING (Ver 5.52-LINUX-X11) Current filename: /home/data/upa/2025121212.upa.cvt Date: 1200Z 12 DEC 25 Searching for KBUF... Searching the city database file for: KBUF ... Date:1200Z 12 DEC 25 Station: KBUF WMO ident: 72528 Latitude: 42.93 Longitude: -78.73 Elevation: 215.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LEV PRES HGHT TEMP DEWP RH DD WETB DIR SPD THETA THE-V THE-W THE-E W mb m C C % C C deg knt K K K K g/kg ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 1000 141 SFC 990 215 -7.9 -10.7 80 2.8 -8.7 260 11 266.0 266.3 265.1 270.6 1.70 2 979 303 -8.1 -11.5 76 3.4 -9.0 267 15 266.7 266.9 265.4 271.1 1.62 3 956 490 -6.3 -10.9 70 4.6 -7.6 281 22 270.3 270.6 268.1 275.1 1.74 4 941 614 -7.1 -12.1 67 5.0 -8.5 290 27 270.7 271.0 268.1 275.2 1.60 5 925 749 -8.5 -13.0 70 4.5 -9.6 290 27 270.6 270.9 267.9 274.8 1.52 6 869 1229 -12.7 -13.7 92 1.0 -12.9 295 27 271.1 271.4 268.2 275.4 1.52 7 865 1264 -12.9 -14.1 91 1.2 -13.2 295 26 271.3 271.5 268.3 275.4 1.48 8 860 1308 -12.7 -16.3 74 3.6 -13.5 295 26 271.9 272.1 268.3 275.4 1.24 9 852 1379 -13.3 -17.3 72 4.0 -14.2 295 24 272.0 272.2 268.2 275.3 1.15 10 850 1397 -13.3 -19.3 61 6.0 -14.5 295 24 272.2 272.4 268.0 275.0 0.98 11 849 1406 -13.5 -20.5 56 7.0 -14.9 295 24 272.1 272.2 267.8 274.6 0.88 12 845 1442 -13.5 -18.2 68 4.7 -14.5 294 24 272.5 272.6 268.4 275.5 1.08 13 835 1532 -13.9 -17.9 72 4.0 -14.7 293 24 273.0 273.2 268.8 276.2 1.12 14 830 1578 -14.1 -18.9 67 4.8 -15.1 293 24 273.2 273.4 268.8 276.2 1.03 15 823 1642 -14.7 -18.5 73 3.8 -15.5 292 25 273.3 273.4 268.9 276.4 1.08 16 821 1661 -14.7 -17.5 79 2.8 -15.3 292 25 273.4 273.6 269.2 276.8 1.18 17 811 1753 -14.9 -18.8 72 3.9 -15.7 291 25 274.2 274.4 269.5 277.3 1.07 18 785 2000 -15.3 -18.0 80 2.7 -15.9 309 23 276.3 276.5 271.0 279.8 1.18 19 776 2087 -15.3 -19.2 72 3.9 -16.1 319 22 277.2 277.4 271.4 280.4 1.08 20 775 2096 -15.3 -19.3 71 4.0 -16.2 320 22 277.3 277.5 271.4 280.5 1.07 21 759 2254 -16.1 -20.2 71 4.1 -16.9 327 23 278.1 278.3 271.8 281.1 1.01 22 747 2374 -16.9 -20.5 74 3.6 -17.6 329 24 278.5 278.7 272.0 281.5 1.00 23 727 2577 -17.9 -22.9 65 5.0 -18.8 326 26 279.6 279.8 272.3 282.1 0.83 24 700 2859 -19.3 -25.3 59 6.0 -20.3 320 30 281.1 281.2 273.0 283.2 0.70 25 685 3020 -20.3 -25.3 64 5.0 -21.1 320 31 281.7 281.9 273.4 283.9 0.71 26 642 3498 -23.1 -31.1 48 8.0 -24.1 320 35 283.8 283.9 274.1 285.2 0.44 27 633 3602 -23.7 -29.7 58 6.0 -24.5 320 36 284.3 284.4 274.5 285.9 0.51 28 621 3742 -24.3 -32.3 48 8.0 -25.3 320 38 285.2 285.2 274.8 286.5 0.41 29 614 3824 -24.9 -31.9 52 7.0 -25.8 320 39 285.4 285.5 275.0 286.8 0.43 30 603 3956 -25.9 -34.9 43 9.0 -26.9 320 40 285.7 285.8 275.0 286.8 0.33 31 592 4089 -27.1 -33.1 57 6.0 -27.8 320 42 285.9 285.9 275.2 287.1 0.40 32 581 4224 -28.1 -34.1 56 6.0 -28.7 320 43 286.2 286.3 275.3 287.4 0.37 33 570 4361 -28.9 -34.9 56 6.0 -29.5 319 44 286.8 286.9 275.6 288.0 0.35 34 566 4411 -28.9 -36.9 46 8.0 -29.6 319 44 287.4 287.5 275.8 288.4 0.29 35 563 4449 -29.3 -37.3 46 8.0 -30.0 319 45 287.4 287.4 275.7 288.3 0.28 36 528 4906 -31.9 -42.9 33 11.0 -32.7 315 46 289.6 289.6 276.7 290.1 0.16 37 523 4973 -31.7 -43.7 30 12.0 -32.6 314 46 290.6 290.7 277.2 291.1 0.15 38 520 5014 -32.1 -45.1 26 13.0 -33.0 313 46 290.6 290.6 277.2 291.1 0.13 39 514 5096 -32.7 -44.7 29 12.0 -33.5 312 46 290.9 290.9 277.3 291.3 0.14 40 512 5123 -33.1 -47.1 23 14.0 -33.9 312 46 290.7 290.7 277.2 291.1 0.11 41 500 5290 -34.3 -48.3 23 14.0 -35.1 310 46 291.2 291.2 277.4 291.6 0.10 42 488 5459 -35.5 -52.5 16 17.0 -36.2 311 47 291.8 291.8 277.6 292.0 0.06 43 444 6109 -41.1 -54.1 23 13.0 -41.5 315 52 292.7 292.7 278.1 292.9 0.06 44 435 6247 -42.1 -55.1 23 13.0 -42.5 312 52 293.2 293.2 278.3 293.3 0.05 45 400 6810 -45.9 -63.9 11 18.0 -46.3 300 50 295.3 295.3 279.3 295.4 0.02 46 389 6994 -47.1 -65.1 11 18.0 -47.4 300 51 296.1 296.1 279.6 296.2 0.02 47 383 7097 -47.5 -66.5 10 19.0 -47.8 300 51 296.9 296.9 280.0 297.0 0.01 48 378 7183 -47.5 -66.5 10 19.0 -47.8 300 52 298.0 298.0 280.5 298.1 0.01 49 342 7837 -50.9 -65.9 15 15.0 -51.1 295 58 302.1 302.1 282.3 302.1 0.02 50 334 7991 -49.9 -66.9 12 17.0 -50.2 293 59 305.5 305.5 283.6 305.5 0.01 51 331 8050 -49.7 -63.7 18 14.0 -50.0 293 60 306.6 306.6 284.0 306.6 0.02 52 326 8149 -49.5 -65.5 14 16.0 -49.8 291 61 308.2 308.2 284.7 308.2 0.02 53 300 8690 -51.1 -70.1 9 19.0 -51.4 285 65 313.3 313.3 286.5 313.4 0.01 54 286 8999 -52.7 -70.7 10 18.0 -52.9 285 64 315.3 315.3 287.2 315.4 0.01 55 251 9844 -50.5 -77.5 3 27.0 -50.9 285 73 330.6 330.6 291.9 330.6 0.00 56 250 9870 -50.7 -77.7 3 27.0 -51.1 285 73 330.7 330.7 291.9 330.7 0.00 57 238 10192 -51.7 -78.7 3 27.0 -52.0 285 78 333.9 333.9 292.7 333.9 0.00 58 200 11330 -49.9 -80.9 1 31.0 -50.4 280 69 353.8 353.8 297.4 353.8 0.00 59 150 13200 -53.9 -83.9 1 30.0 -54.3 275 67 377.2 377.2 301.8 377.2 0.00 60 109 15235 -56.7 -85.9 1 29.2 -57.2 285 82 407.9 407.9 306.2 407.9 0.00 61 100 15780 -57.5 -86.5 1 29.0 -57.9 290 73 416.6 416.6 307.3 416.6 0.00 62 93 16235 -60.1 -87.1 2 27.0 -60.4 287 71 420.2 420.2 307.7 420.2 0.00 63 84 16874 -57.7 -86.7 1 29.0 -58.2 283 71 437.5 437.5 309.6 437.5 0.00 64 77 17421 -59.1 -88.1 1 29.0 -59.5 283 68 445.6 445.6 310.4 445.6 0.00 65 73 17756 -57.9 -87.9 1 30.0 -58.4 281 60 455.0 455.0 311.3 455.0 0.00 66 70 18020 -59.3 -88.3 1 29.0 -59.7 270 47 457.5 457.5 311.5 457.5 0.00 67 67 18294 -59.7 -88.7 1 29.0 -60.2 270 47 462.4 462.4 312.0 462.4 0.00 68 66 18388 -58.5 -88.5 1 30.0 -59.0 268 48 467.0 467.0 312.4 467.0 0.00 69 62 18778 -61.3 -89.3 1 28.0 -61.7 258 53 469.3 469.3 312.5 469.3 0.00 70 62 18778 -60.3 -88.3 1 28.0 -60.7 258 53 471.5 471.5 312.8 471.5 0.00 71 53 19744 -64.7 -89.7 2 25.0 -65.0 269 55 482.9 482.9 313.7 482.9 0.00 72 50 20100 -63.7 -89.7 2 26.0 -64.1 260 64 493.4 493.4 314.5 493.4 0.00 73 49 20224 -63.3 -89.3 2 26.0 -63.7 261 64 497.2 497.2 314.8 497.2 0.00 74 47 20479 -64.3 -90.3 2 26.0 -64.7 263 65 500.7 500.7 315.0 500.8 0.00 75 42 21170 -62.1 -90.1 1 28.0 -62.6 276 58 522.6 522.6 316.5 522.6 0.00 76 37 21951 -62.9 -90.9 1 28.0 -63.4 273 50 539.8 539.8 317.5 539.8 0.00 77 36 22120 -62.5 -90.5 1 28.0 -63.1 271 49 545.1 545.1 317.8 545.1 0.00 78 35 22294 -60.5 -89.5 1 29.0 -61.3 272 48 554.7 554.7 318.3 554.7 0.00 79 31 23048 -61.5 -89.5 1 28.0 -62.3 267 34 571.6 571.6 319.2 571.6 0.00 80 30 23250 -63.3 -90.3 1 27.0 -63.9 270 31 572.1 572.1 319.3 572.1 0.00 81 28 23672 -64.5 -91.5 1 27.0 -65.1 265 35 580.1 580.1 319.7 580.2 0.00 82 26 24125 -64.5 -91.5 1 27.0 -65.1 265 48 592.6 592.6 320.3 592.6 0.00 83 26 24125 -64.3 -91.3 1 27.0 -64.9 265 48 593.1 593.1 320.3 593.2 0.00 84 23 24866 -68.5 -92.5 2 24.0 -68.9 257 66 601.9 601.9 320.7 602.0 0.00 85 21 25416 -64.5 -92.5 1 28.0 -65.3 269 76 629.9 629.9 321.9 629.9 0.00 86 21 25416 -61.3 -91.3 1 30.0 -62.4 269 76 639.5 639.6 322.3 639.6 0.00 87 20 25720 -59.7 -90.7 1 31.0 -61.0 280 69 653.4 653.4 322.8 653.5 0.01 88 19 26041 -59.7 -90.7 1 31.0 -61.1 277 69 663.1 663.1 323.2 663.1 0.01 89 19 26041 -57.5 -89.5 1 32.0 -59.3 277 69 669.9 669.9 323.4 670.0 0.01 90 18 26383 -56.9 -88.9 1 32.0 -58.9 272 61 682.3 682.3 323.9 682.3 0.01 91 15 27527 -60.9 -90.9 1 30.0 -62.4 245 49 705.5 705.5 324.6 705.5 0.01 92 14 27957 -59.5 -90.5 1 31.0 -61.4 266 59 724.3 724.3 325.2 724.3 0.01 93 14 27957 -56.9 -88.9 1 32.0 -59.3 266 59 733.1 733.1 325.4 733.2 0.01 94 12 28925 -60.7 -89.7 1 29.0 -62.6 244 68 752.7 752.7 326.0 752.8 0.01 95 12 28925 -58.9 -89.9 1 31.0 -61.2 244 68 759.1 759.1 326.2 759.1 0.01 96 11 29471 -59.1 -89.1 1 30.0 -61.4 245 76 777.5 777.5 326.7 777.6 0.01 97 10 30070 -57.7 -88.7 1 31.0 -60.6 260 89 804.2 804.2 327.4 804.3 0.01 98 9.5 30392 -58.9 -88.9 1 30.0 -61.6 261 89 811.5 811.5 327.5 811.6 0.01 99 9.1 30663 -56.1 -89.1 1 33.0 -59.7 261 89 832.3 832.3 328.0 832.4 0.02 100 8.9 30803 -56.7 -88.7 1 32.0 -60.2 262 89 835.3 835.3 328.1 835.4 0.02 101 8.7 30947 -55.3 -88.3 1 33.0 -59.3 262 89 846.2 846.2 328.3 846.3 0.02 102 8.3 31246 -56.5 -87.5 1 31.0 -60.2 263 90 852.9 852.9 328.5 853.1 0.02 103 7.4 31985 -48.9 -85.9 1 37.0 -55.9 264 90 912.3 912.3 329.7 912.6 0.03 104 7.1 32257 -48.1 -85.1 1 37.0 -55.7 265 90 926.4 926.5 329.9 926.8 0.04 105 7.0 32350 -48.9 -84.9 1 36.0 -56.2 265 90 926.9 926.9 329.9 927.3 0.04 106 6.9 32445 -48.9 -84.9 1 36.0 -56.2 930.7 930.7 330.0 931.2 0.04 TRP 342 7837 -50.9 -65.9 15 15.0 -51.1 295 58 302.1 302.1 282.3 302.1 0.02 WND 109 15235 -56.7 -85.9 1 29.2 -57.2 285 82 407.9 407.9 306.2 407.9 0.00 Sounding variables and indices 1000-500 mb thick: 5149.00 m Freezing level: Surface below freezing Wetbulb zero: Below ground Precipitable water: 0.18 inches Sfc-500 mean rel hum: 60.08 % Est. max temperature: -1.22 C = 29.81 F Sfc-Lift cond lev (LCL): 946.70 mb = 566.80 m = 1859.55 ft T: -6.79 C 700-500 lapse rate: 6.17 C/km ThetaE index: 0.81 C Layer 852.0- 845.0 mb Conv cond level (CCL): 849.41 mb = 1402.32 m = 4600.73 ft Mean mixing ratio: 1.60 g/kg Conv temperature: -1.79 C = 28.78 F Cap Strength: 14.10 C Lifted Index: 14.25 C Risk: None Lifted Index @300 mb: 27.75 C Lifted Index @700 mb: 7.87 C Showalter Index: 13.55 C Risk: None Total Totals Index: 36.00 C Risk: None Vertical Totals Index: 21.00 C Cross Totals Index: 15.00 C K Index: -4.30 Risk: None Sweat Index: 94.00 Risk: None Energy Index: 3.52 Risk: None Parcel Indices Parcel: using 100 mb layer CAPE (B+): 19.61 J/kg Max Up Vert Vel: 6.26 m/s Conv Inhibition (B-): 69655.75 J/kg Cap Strength: 14.21 C Lift Cond Lev (LCL): 881.33 mb = 1120.48 m = 3676.06 ft Lev Free Conv (LFC): -1.00 mb = -9999.00 m = -9999.00 ft Wind level data Storm motion: 342 at 26 knt ---------------------------------------------------------- TRUE/GROUND REL | STORM REL LEV P H DIR SPD U V | DIR SPD U V mb m knt m/s | knt m/s ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 990 215 260 11 10.8 1.9 | 186 27 2.7 27.0 1 942 610 290 27 25.4 -9.2 | 227 23 17.3 15.8 2 925 749 290 27 25.4 -9.2 | 227 23 17.3 15.8 3 905 914 290 29 27.3 -9.9 | 232 24 19.1 15.2 4 870 1219 295 27 24.5 -11.4 | 230 21 16.4 13.7 5 850 1397 295 24 21.8 -10.1 | 222 20 13.6 14.9 6 803 1829 290 25 23.5 -8.6 | 223 23 15.4 16.5 7 771 2134 325 22 12.6 -18.0 | 213 8 4.5 7.1 8 740 2438 330 25 12.5 -21.7 | 232 6 4.4 3.4 9 711 2743 320 27 17.4 -20.7 | 245 10 9.2 4.4 10 700 2859 320 30 19.3 -23.0 | 259 11 11.2 2.1 11 627 3658 320 37 23.8 -28.3 | 282 16 15.7 -3.3 12 576 4267 320 44 28.3 -33.7 | 293 22 20.2 -8.6 13 529 4877 315 46 32.5 -32.5 | 287 26 24.4 -7.4 14 500 5290 310 46 35.2 -29.6 | 279 27 27.1 -4.5 15 444 6096 315 52 36.8 -36.8 | 292 31 28.7 -11.7 16 400 6810 300 50 43.3 -25.0 | 270 35 35.2 0.1 17 354 7620 300 54 46.8 -27.0 | 273 39 38.7 -1.9 18 342 7837 295 58 52.6 -24.5 | 269 44 44.5 0.6 19 300 8690 285 65 62.8 -16.8 | 261 55 54.7 8.3 20 280 9144 285 64 61.8 -16.6 | 261 54 53.7 8.5 21 250 9870 285 73 70.5 -18.9 | 264 63 62.4 6.2 22 232 10363 285 81 78.2 -21.0 | 267 70 70.1 4.1 23 221 10668 290 73 68.6 -25.0 | 270 60 60.5 0.1 24 200 11330 280 69 68.0 -12.0 | 258 61 59.8 13.1 25 192 11582 280 68 67.0 -11.8 | 257 60 58.9 13.3 26 159 12802 280 76 74.8 -13.2 | 260 68 66.7 11.9 27 152 13106 275 63 62.8 -5.5 | 250 58 54.6 19.6 28 150 13200 275 67 66.7 -5.8 | 252 62 58.6 19.2 29 132 14021 270 80 80.0 -0.0 | 251 76 71.9 25.1 30 109 15235 285 82 79.2 -21.2 | 267 71 71.1 3.9 31 109 15240 285 76 73.4 -19.7 | 265 66 65.3 5.4 32 104 15545 285 82 79.2 -21.2 | 267 71 71.1 3.9 33 100 15780 290 73 68.6 -25.0 | 270 60 60.5 0.1 34 94 16154 290 74 69.5 -25.3 | 270 61 61.4 -0.2 35 90 16459 280 61 60.1 -10.6 | 254 54 52.0 14.5 36 81 17069 285 76 73.4 -19.7 | 265 66 65.3 5.4 37 70 17983 280 55 54.2 -9.6 | 251 49 46.1 15.5 38 70 18020 270 47 47.0 -0.0 | 237 46 38.9 25.1 39 67 18288 270 47 47.0 -0.0 | 237 46 38.9 25.1 40 61 18898 255 55 53.1 14.2 | 229 60 45.0 39.3 41 55 19507 275 49 48.8 -4.3 | 243 46 40.7 20.8 42 50 20100 260 64 63.0 11.1 | 237 66 54.9 36.2 43 45 20726 265 66 65.7 5.8 | 242 65 57.6 30.8 44 41 21336 280 55 54.2 -9.6 | 251 49 46.1 15.5 45 35 22250 270 48 48.0 -0.0 | 238 47 39.9 25.1 46 34 22555 285 45 43.5 -11.6 | 249 38 35.4 13.4 47 32 22860 265 37 36.9 3.2 | 225 40 28.7 28.3 48 30 23250 270 31 31.0 -0.0 | 222 34 22.9 25.1 49 29 23470 265 30 29.9 2.6 | 218 35 21.8 27.7 50 25 24384 265 55 54.8 4.8 | 237 55 46.7 29.9 51 23 24994 255 69 66.6 17.9 | 234 73 58.5 42.9 52 21 25298 265 79 78.7 6.9 | 246 77 70.6 32.0 53 20 25720 280 69 68.0 -12.0 | 258 61 59.8 13.1 54 18 26213 275 69 68.7 -6.0 | 253 64 60.6 19.1 55 17 26822 265 41 40.8 3.6 | 229 43 32.7 28.7 56 16 27127 230 43 32.9 27.6 | 205 58 24.8 52.7 57 15 27432 240 47 40.7 23.5 | 214 58 32.6 48.6 58 14 28042 270 61 61.0 -0.0 | 245 59 52.9 25.1 59 13 28346 250 61 57.3 20.9 | 227 67 49.2 45.9 60 11 29261 240 72 62.4 36.0 | 222 82 54.2 61.1 61 10 30070 260 89 87.6 15.5 | 243 89 79.5 40.5 62 7 32350 265 90 89.7 7.8 | 248 88 81.5 32.9 Wind Parameters Mean winds (0-6000m): 312.1 at 35.1 knts Storm direction: 342.1 at 26.4 knts Shear (0-3000m) pos: 4.0 neg: 1.4 tot: 5.4 10-3/s Storm rel Dir Shear (0-3000m): 85.5 deg Storm rel helicity (0-3000m) pos: 162.0 neg: -24.5 tot: 137.5 m^2/s^2 ave: 45.8 10^-3 m/s^2 rel: 0.43 Storm rel vorticity (0-3000m) horiz: 9.9 stream: 4.2 10^-3/s Energy-Hel index: 0.02 Bulk Rich Number: 0.39 Bulk Shear: 50.55 m/s Storm Parameters ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Depth Mean Inflow| Shear | Helicity | Vorticity AGL Dir Spd Dir Spd| Pos Neg Tot| Pos Neg Tot Ave Rel | Hor Strm m knt knt| 10^-3/s | m^2/s^2 m/s^2 | 10^-3/s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 500 284 21 211 23| 18.8 0.0 18.8|124.6 0.0 124.6 249.3 0.98| 19.5 19.1 1000 288 24 221 23| 9.8 0.0 9.8|135.6 -3.5 132.1 132.1 0.82| 12.4 10.1 1500 290 25 222 22| 6.5 1.0 7.5|136.5 -18.8 117.7 78.4 0.60| 9.8 5.9 2000 294 24 223 21| 6.0 0.7 6.8|140.0 -24.5 115.5 57.8 0.36| 11.4 4.1 2500 301 24 226 18| 4.8 0.6 5.4|146.0 -24.5 121.5 48.6 0.38| 10.6 4.0 3000 305 25 230 17| 4.0 1.4 5.4|162.0 -24.5 137.5 45.8 0.43| 9.9 4.2 4000 310 29 245 15| 3.0 2.3 5.4|188.9 -24.5 164.5 41.1 0.45| 8.7 3.9 5000 312 32 257 16| 2.4 2.3 4.7|189.4 -59.4 130.1 26.0 0.34| 7.8 2.6 6000 312 35 265 18| 2.3 2.1 4.4|235.3 -77.8 157.5 26.3 0.34| 7.3 2.5 Wrote GIF file: /home/apache/climate/data/raob//KBUF/skewt/KBUF.skewt.20251212.12.gif