UPPER AIR CALCULATIONS AND PLOTTING (Ver 5.52-LINUX-X11) Current filename: /home/data/upa/2025121012.upa.cvt Date: 1200Z 10 DEC 25 Searching for KBUF... Searching the city database file for: KBUF ... Date:1200Z 10 DEC 25 Station: KBUF WMO ident: 72528 Latitude: 42.93 Longitude: -78.73 Elevation: 215.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LEV PRES HGHT TEMP DEWP RH DD WETB DIR SPD THETA THE-V THE-W THE-E W mb m C C % C C deg knt K K K K g/kg ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 1000 -24 SFC 970 215 0.2 -0.1 98 0.3 0.1 140 6 275.7 276.4 274.8 286.4 3.91 2 925 602 -1.3 -1.3 100 0.0 -1.3 200 31 278.0 278.6 275.8 288.3 3.75 3 862 1162 -2.9 -2.9 100 0.0 -2.9 238 35 282.0 282.6 277.7 292.0 3.58 4 850 1273 -3.5 -3.5 100 0.0 -3.5 240 29 282.5 283.1 277.8 292.3 3.47 5 811 1643 -5.9 -6.0 99 0.1 -6.0 226 29 283.8 284.3 277.8 292.3 3.01 6 793 1820 -4.3 -4.4 99 0.1 -4.3 234 35 287.3 287.9 280.1 297.3 3.48 7 773 2021 -4.7 -5.0 98 0.3 -4.8 238 39 289.0 289.6 280.8 298.9 3.41 8 700 2797 -8.3 -8.9 95 0.6 -8.5 245 52 293.3 293.8 282.0 301.6 2.78 9 683 2988 -9.1 -9.8 95 0.7 -9.4 245 51 294.5 294.9 282.4 302.5 2.66 10 580 4234 -17.1 -18.8 87 1.7 -17.5 240 50 299.2 299.5 283.0 303.9 1.49 11 504 5272 -25.3 -27.5 82 2.2 -25.6 240 44 301.5 301.7 283.0 304.1 0.79 12 500 5330 -25.7 -27.6 84 1.9 -26.0 240 46 301.7 301.9 283.1 304.3 0.79 13 486 5535 -27.3 -29.3 83 2.0 -27.6 243 50 302.2 302.3 283.2 304.5 0.70 14 476 5684 -28.1 -29.9 85 1.8 -28.3 245 53 303.0 303.1 283.5 305.2 0.67 15 463 5881 -29.7 -32.2 79 2.5 -30.0 247 57 303.4 303.5 283.5 305.3 0.55 16 440 6243 -30.9 -33.5 78 2.6 -31.2 250 67 306.4 306.5 284.6 308.1 0.51 17 418 6604 -33.9 -37.1 73 3.2 -34.2 252 74 307.0 307.1 284.7 308.4 0.38 18 401 6893 -36.5 -39.1 77 2.6 -36.7 255 77 307.3 307.4 284.7 308.5 0.32 19 400 6910 -36.7 -39.4 76 2.7 -36.9 255 77 307.3 307.3 284.7 308.4 0.31 20 378 7298 -40.1 -43.8 68 3.7 -40.4 260 81 307.8 307.9 284.8 308.6 0.21 21 374 7371 -40.7 -43.9 71 3.2 -40.9 261 82 308.0 308.0 284.8 308.7 0.21 22 372 7407 -40.9 -45.0 65 4.1 -41.1 261 82 308.2 308.2 284.9 308.8 0.19 23 360 7629 -42.7 -46.0 70 3.3 -42.9 265 85 308.7 308.7 285.1 309.3 0.17 24 348 7856 -44.5 -48.6 64 4.1 -44.7 266 92 309.2 309.3 285.2 309.7 0.13 25 344 7934 -45.3 -49.3 64 4.0 -45.4 267 95 309.2 309.2 285.2 309.6 0.12 26 334 8129 -46.9 -50.8 64 3.9 -47.0 267 101 309.6 309.6 285.3 310.0 0.11 27 326 8289 -48.3 -50.7 76 2.4 -48.4 268 106 309.8 309.8 285.4 310.2 0.11 28 324 8330 -48.7 -51.1 76 2.4 -48.8 269 108 309.8 309.8 285.4 310.2 0.11 29 321 8391 -49.1 -53.5 60 4.4 -49.3 269 110 310.1 310.1 285.5 310.4 0.08 30 320 8411 -49.3 -53.8 59 4.5 -49.4 269 110 310.1 310.1 285.5 310.4 0.08 31 310 8618 -51.3 -55.3 62 4.0 -51.4 270 117 310.2 310.2 285.5 310.4 0.07 32 300 8830 -53.3 -56.8 66 3.5 -53.4 265 114 310.2 310.2 285.5 310.4 0.06 33 298 8873 -53.7 -58.6 55 4.9 -53.8 269 117 310.2 310.3 285.5 310.4 0.05 34 296 8916 -54.1 -57.9 63 3.8 -54.2 269 117 310.3 310.3 285.5 310.5 0.05 35 293 8981 -54.7 -59.7 54 5.0 -54.8 268 116 310.3 310.3 285.5 310.5 0.04 36 289 9069 -55.7 -59.5 62 3.8 -55.8 266 116 310.1 310.1 285.4 310.3 0.04 37 285 9158 -56.7 -62.7 47 6.0 -56.8 265 115 309.9 309.9 285.3 310.0 0.03 38 281 9247 -57.5 -62.2 55 4.7 -57.6 265 113 310.0 310.0 285.4 310.2 0.03 39 262 9686 -60.5 -63.9 64 3.4 -60.6 265 105 311.9 311.9 286.1 312.0 0.03 40 261 9709 -60.3 -65.3 52 5.0 -60.3 265 105 312.5 312.6 286.2 312.6 0.02 41 259 9757 -59.1 -73.1 15 14.0 -59.2 264 104 315.0 315.0 287.1 315.0 0.01 42 257 9806 -58.7 -88.7 1 30.0 -58.8 263 104 316.3 316.3 287.5 316.3 0.00 43 250 9980 -56.9 -74.9 9 18.0 -57.1 260 102 321.5 321.5 289.2 321.5 0.01 44 248 10031 -56.9 -73.9 10 17.0 -57.1 260 99 322.2 322.2 289.5 322.2 0.01 45 243 10161 -57.7 -72.7 13 15.0 -57.9 262 99 322.9 322.9 289.6 322.9 0.01 46 232 10454 -58.7 -75.7 9 17.0 -58.9 267 103 325.7 325.7 290.5 325.7 0.01 47 200 11400 -54.3 -80.3 3 26.0 -54.6 270 76 346.8 346.8 295.9 346.8 0.00 48 192 11660 -53.5 -80.5 2 27.0 -53.8 270 76 352.1 352.1 297.1 352.1 0.00 49 155 13023 -55.7 -81.7 2 26.0 -56.0 266 72 370.6 370.6 300.7 370.6 0.00 50 150 13230 -57.1 -83.1 2 26.0 -57.4 265 71 371.7 371.7 300.9 371.7 0.00 51 136 13849 -59.1 -84.1 3 25.0 -59.3 271 70 378.7 378.7 302.1 378.7 0.00 52 127 14279 -58.3 -84.3 2 26.0 -58.6 276 71 387.7 387.7 303.5 387.7 0.00 53 100 15780 -60.1 -86.1 2 26.0 -60.4 270 65 411.6 411.6 306.7 411.6 0.00 54 92 16298 -61.7 -86.7 2 25.0 -62.0 270 67 418.4 418.4 307.5 418.4 0.00 55 86 16717 -59.5 -86.5 2 27.0 -59.9 274 68 431.0 431.0 308.9 431.0 0.00 56 77 17406 -60.7 -86.7 2 26.0 -61.0 284 62 442.3 442.3 310.1 442.3 0.00 57 72 17824 -59.5 -87.5 1 28.0 -59.9 278 58 453.4 453.4 311.2 453.4 0.00 58 70 18000 -60.1 -87.1 2 27.0 -60.5 275 56 455.8 455.8 311.4 455.8 0.00 59 62 18749 -62.9 -87.9 2 25.0 -63.2 271 54 465.7 465.7 312.3 465.7 0.00 60 56 19378 -59.5 -87.5 1 28.0 -60.0 266 52 487.2 487.2 314.0 487.2 0.00 61 50 20080 -62.3 -88.3 2 26.0 -62.7 285 48 496.7 496.7 314.7 496.7 0.00 62 46 20595 -63.3 -89.3 2 26.0 -63.7 282 41 506.2 506.2 315.4 506.3 0.00 63 43 21012 -61.1 -88.1 2 27.0 -61.7 261 47 521.5 521.5 316.4 521.5 0.00 64 36 22107 -65.1 -90.1 2 25.0 -65.5 266 42 538.4 538.4 317.4 538.4 0.00 65 31 23027 -61.9 -88.9 2 27.0 -62.6 271 49 570.5 570.5 319.2 570.5 0.00 66 30 23230 -62.5 -89.5 1 27.0 -63.2 255 54 574.3 574.3 319.4 574.3 0.00 67 28 23654 -64.1 -90.1 2 26.0 -64.7 264 50 581.2 581.3 319.8 581.3 0.00 68 27 23878 -60.9 -89.9 1 29.0 -61.8 268 52 596.3 596.3 320.5 596.3 0.00 69 26 24113 -60.5 -89.5 1 29.0 -61.5 265 60 603.9 603.9 320.8 604.0 0.00 70 22 25153 -60.3 -89.3 1 29.0 -61.4 257 48 634.1 634.1 322.0 634.1 0.01 71 20 25750 -58.3 -88.3 1 30.0 -59.9 250 46 657.7 657.7 323.0 657.8 0.01 72 17 26767 -61.5 -89.5 1 28.0 -62.8 261 47 678.8 678.8 323.7 678.8 0.01 73 15 27545 -60.7 -89.7 1 29.0 -62.3 254 47 706.1 706.1 324.6 706.2 0.01 74 14 27978 -58.3 -88.3 1 30.0 -60.4 260 54 728.4 728.4 325.3 728.4 0.01 75 12 28952 -56.9 -87.9 1 31.0 -59.6 263 64 766.1 766.2 326.4 766.3 0.01 76 12 28952 -57.5 -88.5 1 31.0 -60.1 263 64 764.0 764.0 326.3 764.1 0.01 77 11 29510 -51.7 -85.7 1 34.0 -56.2 256 81 804.3 804.3 327.4 804.5 0.02 78 10 30130 -50.7 -84.7 1 34.0 -55.9 265 87 830.3 830.3 328.0 830.6 0.03 79 10 30130 -50.9 -84.9 1 34.0 -56.1 265 87 829.5 829.6 328.0 829.8 0.03 80 9.8 30262 -48.7 -84.7 1 36.0 -54.8 842.6 842.6 328.2 842.9 0.03 81 8.9 30896 -48.3 -84.3 1 36.0 -54.9 867.7 867.7 328.8 868.0 0.04 82 8.4 31279 -46.1 -83.1 1 37.0 -54.0 890.8 890.8 329.2 891.3 0.05 83 7.3 32207 -48.5 -84.5 1 36.0 -55.8 917.5 917.5 329.8 917.9 0.04 TRP 262 9686 -60.5 -63.9 64 3.4 -60.6 265 105 311.9 311.9 286.1 312.0 0.03 WND 310 8618 -51.3 -55.3 62 4.0 -51.4 270 117 310.2 310.2 285.5 310.4 0.07 Sounding variables and indices 1000-500 mb thick: 5354.00 m Freezing level: 964.00 mb = 266.60 m = 874.66 ft Wetbulb zero: 967.49 mb = 236.09 m = 774.55 ft Precipitable water: 0.54 inches Sfc-500 mean rel hum: 93.25 % Est. max temperature: 7.85 C = 46.12 F Sfc-Lift cond lev (LCL): 965.34 mb = 254.22 m = 834.05 ft T: 0.05 C 700-500 lapse rate: 6.87 C/km Conv cond level (CCL): 920.08 mb = 644.37 m = 2114.04 ft Mean mixing ratio: 3.75 g/kg Conv temperature: 2.72 C = 36.89 F Cap Strength: 11.30 C Lifted Index: 11.43 C Risk: None Lifted Index @300 mb: 15.18 C Lifted Index @700 mb: 8.09 C Showalter Index: 8.82 C Risk: None Total Totals Index: 44.40 C Risk: Scattered moderate thunderstorms Vertical Totals Index: 22.20 C Cross Totals Index: 22.20 C K Index: 18.10 Risk: < 20 % chance of thunderstorms Sweat Index: 104.00 Risk: None Energy Index: 2.53 Risk: None Parcel Indices Parcel: using 100 mb layer CAPE (B+): 22.72 J/kg Max Up Vert Vel: 6.74 m/s Conv Inhibition (B-): 75768.94 J/kg Cap Strength: 11.27 C Lift Cond Lev (LCL): 917.31 mb = 668.27 m = 2192.45 ft Lev Free Conv (LFC): -1.00 mb = -9999.00 m = -9999.00 ft Wind level data Storm motion: 270 at 33 knt ---------------------------------------------------------- TRUE/GROUND REL | STORM REL LEV P H DIR SPD U V | DIR SPD U V mb m knt m/s | knt m/s ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 970 215 140 6 -3.9 4.6 | 97 37 -36.7 4.4 1 925 602 200 31 10.6 29.1 | 142 36 -22.2 28.9 2 924 610 200 31 10.6 29.1 | 142 36 -22.2 28.9 3 889 914 230 35 26.8 22.5 | 165 23 -6.0 22.3 4 856 1219 240 35 30.3 17.5 | 172 17 -2.5 17.3 5 850 1273 240 29 25.1 14.5 | 152 16 -7.7 14.3 6 823 1524 220 25 16.1 19.2 | 139 25 -16.7 18.9 7 792 1829 235 35 28.7 20.1 | 168 20 -4.1 19.9 8 762 2134 240 42 36.4 21.0 | 190 21 3.6 20.8 9 733 2438 240 48 41.6 24.0 | 200 25 8.8 23.8 10 705 2743 240 54 46.8 27.0 | 208 30 14.0 26.8 11 700 2797 245 52 47.1 22.0 | 213 26 14.3 21.8 12 624 3658 245 49 44.4 20.7 | 209 24 11.6 20.5 13 576 4267 240 50 43.3 25.0 | 203 27 10.5 24.8 14 531 4877 240 44 38.1 22.0 | 194 22 5.3 21.8 15 510 5182 240 42 36.4 21.0 | 190 21 3.6 20.8 16 500 5330 240 46 39.8 23.0 | 197 24 7.0 22.8 17 449 6096 250 62 58.3 21.2 | 230 33 25.5 21.0 18 430 6401 250 72 67.7 24.6 | 235 43 34.8 24.4 19 400 6910 255 77 74.4 19.9 | 245 46 41.6 19.7 20 377 7315 260 81 79.8 14.1 | 254 49 47.0 13.9 21 360 7620 265 85 84.7 7.4 | 262 52 51.9 7.2 22 310 8618 270 117 117.0 -0.0 | 270 84 84.2 -0.2 23 300 8830 265 114 113.6 9.9 | 263 81 80.8 9.7 24 300 8839 270 117 117.0 -0.0 | 270 84 84.2 -0.2 25 285 9144 265 115 114.6 10.0 | 263 82 81.8 9.8 26 262 9686 265 105 104.6 9.2 | 263 72 71.8 8.9 27 250 9980 260 102 100.5 17.7 | 255 70 67.6 17.5 28 247 10058 260 97 95.5 16.8 | 255 65 62.7 16.6 29 224 10668 270 106 106.0 -0.0 | 270 73 73.2 -0.2 30 200 11400 270 76 76.0 -0.0 | 270 43 43.2 -0.2 31 194 11582 270 76 76.0 -0.0 | 270 43 43.2 -0.2 32 150 13230 265 71 70.7 6.2 | 261 38 37.9 6.0 33 146 13411 265 69 68.7 6.0 | 261 36 35.9 5.8 34 114 14935 285 72 69.5 -18.6 | 297 41 36.7 -18.8 35 109 15240 280 68 67.0 -11.8 | 289 36 34.2 -12.0 36 100 15780 270 65 65.0 -0.0 | 270 32 32.2 -0.2 37 94 16154 270 65 65.0 -0.0 | 270 32 32.2 -0.2 38 90 16459 270 70 70.0 -0.0 | 270 37 37.2 -0.2 39 77 17374 285 62 59.9 -16.0 | 301 32 27.1 -16.3 40 70 18000 275 56 55.8 -4.9 | 282 24 23.0 -5.1 41 67 18288 275 56 55.8 -4.9 | 282 24 23.0 -5.1 42 55 19507 265 51 50.8 4.4 | 257 18 18.0 4.2 43 50 20080 285 48 46.4 -12.4 | 313 19 13.6 -12.6 44 47 20422 290 46 43.2 -15.7 | 327 19 10.4 -15.9 45 45 20726 275 37 36.9 -3.2 | 310 5 4.0 -3.4 46 43 21031 260 48 47.3 8.3 | 241 17 14.5 8.1 47 41 21336 270 49 49.0 -0.0 | 271 16 16.2 -0.2 48 39 21641 285 46 44.4 -11.9 | 316 17 11.6 -12.1 49 35 22250 260 41 40.4 7.1 | 228 10 7.6 6.9 50 32 22860 285 45 43.5 -11.6 | 318 16 10.7 -11.9 51 30 23230 255 54 52.2 14.0 | 235 24 19.3 13.8 52 29 23470 255 56 54.1 14.5 | 236 26 21.3 14.3 53 27 23774 270 47 47.0 -0.0 | 271 14 14.2 -0.2 54 26 24079 265 61 60.8 5.3 | 260 28 28.0 5.1 55 25 24384 265 56 55.8 4.9 | 258 23 23.0 4.7 56 24 24689 260 43 42.3 7.5 | 233 12 9.5 7.3 57 23 24994 260 54 53.2 9.4 | 246 22 20.4 9.2 58 22 25298 255 43 41.5 11.1 | 219 14 8.7 10.9 59 20 25603 260 53 52.2 9.2 | 245 21 19.4 9.0 60 20 25750 250 46 43.2 15.7 | 214 19 10.4 15.5 61 19 26213 250 46 43.2 15.7 | 214 19 10.4 15.5 62 18 26518 265 47 46.8 4.1 | 254 15 14.0 3.9 63 15 27432 250 46 43.2 15.7 | 214 19 10.4 15.5 64 15 27737 260 48 47.3 8.3 | 241 17 14.5 8.1 65 13 28651 260 69 68.0 12.0 | 251 37 35.1 11.8 66 11 29261 265 60 59.8 5.2 | 259 27 27.0 5.0 67 11 29566 255 84 81.1 21.7 | 246 53 48.3 21.5 68 10 29870 255 76 73.4 19.7 | 244 45 40.6 19.5 69 10 30130 265 87 86.7 7.6 | 262 54 53.9 7.4 Wind Parameters Mean winds (0-6000m): 239.6 at 43.7 knts Storm direction: 269.6 at 32.8 knts Shear (0-3000m) pos: 8.3 neg: 1.4 tot: 9.7 10-3/s Storm rel Dir Shear (0-3000m): 114.7 deg Storm rel helicity (0-3000m) pos: 603.3 neg: -58.5 tot: 544.7 m^2/s^2 ave: 181.6 10^-3 m/s^2 rel: 0.58 Storm rel vorticity (0-3000m) horiz: 18.6 stream: 10.8 10^-3/s Energy-Hel index: 0.08 Bulk Rich Number: 0.17 Bulk Shear: 133.95 m/s Storm Parameters ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Depth Mean Inflow| Shear | Helicity | Vorticity AGL Dir Spd Dir Spd| Pos Neg Tot| Pos Neg Tot Ave Rel | Hor Strm m knt knt| 10^-3/s | m^2/s^2 m/s^2 | 10^-3/s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 500 196 22 127 34| 31.8 0.0 31.8|353.5 0.0 353.5 707.1 0.93| 39.0 36.1 1000 217 28 144 27| 18.8 0.0 18.8|420.9 0.0 420.9 420.9 0.81| 28.7 23.1 1500 222 28 146 25| 12.5 2.4 15.0|463.8 -53.5 410.3 273.5 0.53| 26.8 14.1 2000 227 31 153 23| 12.9 1.8 14.8|538.5 -53.5 485.0 242.5 0.59| 23.8 14.1 2500 231 34 164 22| 10.3 1.6 12.0|580.7 -53.5 527.2 210.9 0.59| 21.1 12.5 3000 234 37 173 22| 8.3 1.4 9.7|603.3 -58.5 544.7 181.6 0.58| 18.6 10.8 4000 237 40 183 22| 6.2 1.4 7.7|603.3 -81.6 521.6 130.4 0.52| 14.7 7.7 5000 238 42 186 22| 5.0 1.1 6.0|605.2-115.8 489.4 97.9 0.45| 12.6 5.6 6000 240 44 193 22| 6.3 0.9 7.2|749.0-115.8 633.2 105.5 0.50| 12.7 6.4 Wrote GIF file: /home/apache/climate/data/raob//KBUF/skewt/KBUF.skewt.20251210.12.gif