UPPER AIR CALCULATIONS AND PLOTTING (Ver 5.52-LINUX-X11) Current filename: /home/data/upa/2025121000.upa.cvt Date: 0000Z 10 DEC 25 Searching for KBUF... Searching the city database file for: KBUF ... Date:0000Z 10 DEC 25 Station: KBUF WMO ident: 72528 Latitude: 42.93 Longitude: -78.73 Elevation: 215.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LEV PRES HGHT TEMP DEWP RH DD WETB DIR SPD THETA THE-V THE-W THE-E W mb m C C % C C deg knt K K K K g/kg ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 1000 51 SFC 979 215 -1.1 -5.3 73 4.2 -2.6 210 13 273.7 274.1 271.7 280.9 2.63 2 973 265 -1.5 -7.5 64 6.0 -3.5 211 16 273.8 274.2 271.1 280.0 2.23 3 925 670 -4.9 -7.8 80 2.9 -5.8 215 39 274.3 274.7 271.5 280.7 2.29 4 875 1104 -8.3 -8.4 99 0.1 -8.4 234 42 275.2 275.5 272.1 281.6 2.31 5 871 1140 -8.5 -8.5 100 0.0 -8.5 236 43 275.3 275.7 272.2 281.7 2.31 6 850 1329 -9.1 -9.2 99 0.1 -9.1 245 45 276.6 277.0 272.8 282.9 2.24 7 814 1663 -10.5 -10.9 97 0.4 -10.6 255 45 278.6 278.9 273.6 284.4 2.04 8 812 1682 -10.5 -10.9 97 0.4 -10.6 256 45 278.8 279.1 273.8 284.6 2.05 9 810 1701 -9.7 -10.7 92 1.0 -10.0 256 45 279.8 280.2 274.4 285.8 2.08 10 808 1720 -10.5 -11.1 95 0.6 -10.7 257 45 279.2 279.5 274.0 284.9 2.02 11 790 1894 -9.5 -9.8 98 0.3 -9.6 262 45 282.0 282.4 275.9 288.6 2.30 12 764 2152 -10.9 -11.4 96 0.5 -11.1 270 47 283.2 283.6 276.3 289.3 2.09 13 759 2202 -9.5 -11.2 87 1.7 -10.0 270 48 285.3 285.7 277.4 291.5 2.14 14 756 2233 -9.7 -11.5 87 1.8 -10.2 270 49 285.4 285.8 277.4 291.5 2.10 15 750 2294 -9.9 -14.3 70 4.4 -11.1 270 51 285.8 286.1 277.0 290.8 1.68 16 740 2398 -10.3 -15.3 67 5.0 -11.7 270 55 286.5 286.8 277.2 291.2 1.57 17 700 2824 -12.7 -26.7 30 14.0 -15.4 265 57 288.4 288.5 276.8 290.4 0.61 18 693 2901 -13.1 -28.1 27 15.0 -15.8 266 57 288.8 288.9 276.9 290.5 0.55 19 666 3202 -14.7 -27.7 32 13.0 -17.1 268 55 290.3 290.4 277.7 292.2 0.59 20 656 3316 -15.5 -26.5 38 11.0 -17.6 270 54 290.7 290.8 278.0 292.8 0.67 21 633 3584 -17.3 -31.3 28 14.0 -19.5 270 55 291.6 291.7 278.2 293.0 0.44 22 587 4144 -21.7 -29.7 48 8.0 -22.9 278 62 292.8 292.9 278.9 294.6 0.55 23 584 4182 -21.9 -28.9 53 7.0 -23.0 278 63 293.0 293.1 279.1 295.0 0.60 24 567 4398 -22.9 -34.9 33 12.0 -24.4 278 66 294.3 294.4 279.3 295.5 0.35 25 551 4607 -24.3 -38.3 26 14.0 -25.8 275 69 295.1 295.1 279.5 296.0 0.25 26 533 4848 -25.7 -39.7 26 14.0 -27.1 271 72 296.2 296.3 280.0 297.0 0.23 27 523 4985 -26.1 -37.1 35 11.0 -27.3 273 76 297.4 297.4 280.6 298.4 0.30 28 518 5055 -25.9 -35.9 39 10.0 -27.1 276 78 298.4 298.5 281.1 299.6 0.34 29 510 5167 -26.5 -35.5 42 9.0 -27.6 279 81 299.0 299.1 281.4 300.3 0.36 30 504 5253 -26.9 -30.7 70 3.8 -27.4 280 80 299.6 299.7 282.0 301.5 0.59 31 501 5296 -27.1 -30.6 72 3.5 -27.6 280 79 299.8 299.9 282.1 301.8 0.60 32 500 5310 -27.3 -31.1 70 3.8 -27.8 280 79 299.8 299.9 282.0 301.6 0.57 33 497 5353 -27.5 -32.3 64 4.8 -28.1 280 79 300.0 300.1 282.1 301.7 0.51 34 495 5383 -27.1 -29.3 82 2.2 -27.4 280 79 300.9 301.0 282.6 303.1 0.68 35 491 5441 -27.7 -30.7 75 3.0 -28.1 280 79 300.8 300.9 282.5 302.8 0.60 36 479 5620 -28.3 -29.8 87 1.5 -28.5 280 79 302.2 302.3 283.2 304.5 0.67 37 455 5987 -31.1 -34.2 74 3.1 -31.4 280 79 303.2 303.3 283.3 304.8 0.46 38 420 6552 -35.7 -39.4 69 3.7 -36.0 280 81 304.3 304.4 283.5 305.3 0.30 39 400 6890 -38.5 -42.5 66 4.0 -38.8 280 82 305.0 305.0 283.7 305.7 0.23 40 392 7028 -39.9 -43.5 68 3.6 -40.1 279 82 304.9 304.9 283.7 305.6 0.21 41 389 7080 -40.1 -44.6 62 4.5 -40.4 279 82 305.3 305.3 283.8 306.0 0.19 42 387 7115 -40.5 -44.7 64 4.2 -40.8 278 82 305.2 305.3 283.7 305.9 0.18 43 359 7621 -44.5 -47.0 76 2.5 -44.6 275 81 306.5 306.5 284.2 307.0 0.15 44 350 7790 -45.3 -49.0 66 3.7 -45.4 276 80 307.6 307.7 284.6 308.1 0.13 45 341 7962 -46.7 -49.2 76 2.5 -46.8 277 80 308.0 308.1 284.8 308.5 0.13 46 339 8001 -46.9 -49.8 72 2.9 -47.0 277 79 308.3 308.3 284.8 308.7 0.12 47 336 8060 -46.7 -49.6 72 2.9 -46.8 277 79 309.3 309.4 285.2 309.8 0.12 48 333 8119 -47.1 -50.6 67 3.5 -47.2 278 79 309.6 309.6 285.3 310.0 0.11 49 330 8179 -47.5 -50.6 70 3.1 -47.6 278 79 309.8 309.9 285.4 310.3 0.11 50 306 8672 -51.3 -55.5 61 4.2 -51.4 277 79 311.3 311.3 285.9 311.5 0.07 51 300 8800 -52.5 -56.5 62 4.0 -52.6 275 81 311.3 311.4 285.9 311.6 0.06 52 284 9151 -55.5 -58.6 68 3.1 -55.6 275 83 312.0 312.0 286.1 312.2 0.05 53 271 9447 -58.1 -63.1 53 5.0 -58.2 278 87 312.4 312.4 286.2 312.5 0.03 54 266 9563 -58.9 -63.8 53 4.9 -59.0 279 88 312.9 312.9 286.4 313.0 0.03 55 260 9706 -59.6 -64.5 53 4.8 -59.7 280 90 313.9 313.9 286.8 314.0 0.03 56 256 9802 -60.1 -64.9 53 4.8 -60.2 280 90 314.6 314.6 287.0 314.7 0.02 57 254 9851 -60.3 -65.3 52 5.0 -60.3 280 89 315.0 315.0 287.1 315.1 0.02 58 250 9950 -59.9 -69.9 26 10.0 -60.0 280 87 317.0 317.0 287.8 317.1 0.01 59 200 11360 -59.1 -77.1 8 18.0 -59.3 275 71 339.2 339.2 294.1 339.2 0.01 60 150 13170 -57.7 -80.7 4 23.0 -58.0 285 80 370.7 370.7 300.7 370.7 0.00 61 100 15720 -57.5 -81.5 3 24.0 -57.9 280 74 416.6 416.6 307.3 416.7 0.01 62 75 17521 -60.9 -83.9 3 23.0 -61.3 282 62 445.2 445.2 310.4 445.2 0.00 63 70 17950 -60.1 -83.1 3 23.0 -60.5 280 63 455.8 455.8 311.4 455.8 0.01 64 63 18611 -57.7 -82.7 3 25.0 -58.3 285 66 475.0 475.0 313.1 475.1 0.01 65 56 19350 -60.1 -84.1 3 24.0 -60.6 282 59 485.8 485.8 313.9 485.9 0.01 66 50 20060 -58.7 -83.7 3 25.0 -59.3 280 53 505.2 505.2 315.3 505.2 0.01 67 43 21010 -56.7 -82.7 2 26.0 -57.6 271 53 532.3 532.3 317.1 532.4 0.01 68 38 21781 -62.9 -85.9 3 23.0 -63.4 265 42 535.7 535.7 317.3 535.7 0.01 69 36 22113 -63.1 -86.1 3 23.0 -63.6 268 38 543.5 543.5 317.7 543.6 0.01 70 34 22467 -59.7 -85.7 2 26.0 -60.6 268 41 561.4 561.4 318.7 561.5 0.01 71 32 22846 -59.1 -85.1 2 26.0 -60.0 265 49 572.9 572.9 319.3 572.9 0.01 72 30 23250 -59.7 -85.7 2 26.0 -60.6 255 42 581.9 581.9 319.8 581.9 0.01 73 29 23462 -59.7 -85.7 2 26.0 -60.7 255 35 587.6 587.6 320.0 587.6 0.01 74 28 23683 -57.3 -84.3 2 27.0 -58.6 257 41 600.2 600.2 320.6 600.2 0.01 75 24 24663 -55.1 -82.1 2 27.0 -57.0 267 55 633.6 633.6 322.0 633.7 0.02 76 22 25221 -53.5 -82.5 2 29.0 -55.8 262 47 654.3 654.3 322.9 654.5 0.02 77 20 25830 -56.9 -83.9 2 27.0 -58.7 255 52 662.0 662.0 323.2 662.1 0.02 78 17 26845 -61.7 -86.7 2 25.0 -62.9 261 47 678.1 678.1 323.7 678.2 0.01 79 16 27222 -59.7 -85.7 2 26.0 -61.3 261 42 696.5 696.5 324.3 696.6 0.02 80 15 27628 -55.3 -84.3 2 29.0 -58.0 255 46 724.1 724.1 325.2 724.3 0.02 81 14 28071 -51.7 -81.7 2 30.0 -55.5 254 51 750.7 750.7 326.0 751.0 0.04 82 14 28071 -51.5 -81.5 2 30.0 -55.4 254 51 751.4 751.4 326.0 751.7 0.04 83 13 28551 -52.1 -82.1 2 30.0 -56.0 242 54 765.4 765.4 326.4 765.7 0.04 84 12 29067 -53.3 -83.3 1 30.0 -57.1 254 59 778.9 778.9 326.7 779.2 0.03 85 11 29623 -55.5 -84.5 2 29.0 -58.8 251 66 790.5 790.5 327.0 790.8 0.03 86 11 29623 -53.3 -83.3 1 30.0 -57.3 251 66 798.5 798.5 327.2 798.8 0.03 87 10 30240 -50.5 -82.5 1 32.0 -55.8 260 61 831.0 831.1 328.0 831.5 0.04 88 9.8 30373 -49.1 -80.1 1 31.0 -55.0 259 61 841.1 841.1 328.2 841.8 0.07 89 9.3 30717 -48.5 -81.5 1 33.0 -54.8 258 61 856.1 856.1 328.5 856.6 0.06 90 9.1 30861 -49.5 -82.5 1 33.0 -55.5 257 61 857.6 857.6 328.5 858.1 0.05 91 8.9 31007 -48.3 -82.3 1 34.0 -54.9 257 61 867.7 867.7 328.8 868.2 0.05 92 7.2 32388 -54.1 -86.1 1 32.0 -59.0 251 60 898.1 898.2 329.4 898.5 0.03 93 7.1 32478 -52.3 -85.3 1 33.0 -58.0 250 60 909.2 909.2 329.6 909.5 0.04 94 7.0 32570 -52.5 -85.5 1 33.0 -58.2 250 60 912.0 912.0 329.7 912.4 0.04 95 6.8 32757 -52.3 -84.3 1 32.0 -58.1 920.4 920.5 329.8 920.9 0.05 TRP 254 9851 -60.3 -65.3 52 5.0 -60.3 280 89 315.0 315.0 287.1 315.1 0.02 WND 260 9706 -59.6 -64.5 53 4.8 -59.7 280 90 313.9 313.9 286.8 314.0 0.03 Sounding variables and indices 1000-500 mb thick: 5259.00 m Freezing level: Surface below freezing Wetbulb zero: Below ground Precipitable water: 0.29 inches Sfc-500 mean rel hum: 58.90 % Est. max temperature: 2.91 C = 37.25 F Sfc-Lift cond lev (LCL): 916.63 mb = 741.00 m = 2431.09 ft T: -5.46 C 700-500 lapse rate: 5.87 C/km ThetaE index: 0.96 C Layer 973.0- 925.0 mb Conv cond level (CCL): 863.12 mb = 1210.24 m = 3970.55 ft Mean mixing ratio: 2.29 g/kg Conv temperature: 0.98 C = 33.77 F Cap Strength: 16.15 C Lifted Index: 16.10 C Risk: None Lifted Index @300 mb: 21.72 C Lifted Index @700 mb: 9.43 C Showalter Index: 14.34 C Risk: None Total Totals Index: 36.30 C Risk: None Vertical Totals Index: 18.20 C Cross Totals Index: 18.10 C K Index: -5.00 Risk: None Sweat Index: 265.70 Risk: None Energy Index: 3.92 Risk: None Parcel Indices Parcel: using 100 mb layer CAPE (B+): 5.31 J/kg Max Up Vert Vel: 3.26 m/s Conv Inhibition (B-): 67065.86 J/kg Cap Strength: 16.05 C Lift Cond Lev (LCL): 882.49 mb = 1037.67 m = 3404.39 ft Lev Free Conv (LFC): -1.00 mb = -9999.00 m = -9999.00 ft Wind level data Storm motion: 298 at 43 knt ---------------------------------------------------------- TRUE/GROUND REL | STORM REL LEV P H DIR SPD U V | DIR SPD U V mb m knt m/s | knt m/s ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 979 215 210 13 6.5 11.3 | 135 45 -31.8 31.4 1 932 610 215 37 21.2 30.3 | 161 53 -17.1 50.4 2 925 670 215 39 22.4 31.9 | 163 54 -15.9 52.1 3 896 914 225 39 27.6 27.6 | 167 49 -10.7 47.7 4 862 1219 240 44 38.1 22.0 | 180 42 -0.2 42.1 5 850 1329 245 45 40.8 19.0 | 184 39 2.5 39.1 6 797 1829 260 45 44.3 7.8 | 192 29 6.0 27.9 7 766 2134 270 46 46.0 -0.0 | 201 22 7.7 20.1 8 736 2438 270 56 56.0 -0.0 | 221 27 17.7 20.1 9 707 2743 260 60 59.1 10.4 | 214 37 20.8 30.6 10 700 2824 265 57 56.8 5.0 | 216 31 18.5 25.1 11 652 3353 270 54 54.0 -0.0 | 218 26 15.7 20.1 12 625 3658 270 56 56.0 -0.0 | 221 27 17.7 20.1 13 576 4267 280 64 63.0 -11.1 | 250 26 24.7 9.0 14 530 4877 270 73 73.0 -0.0 | 240 40 34.7 20.1 15 509 5182 280 81 79.8 -14.1 | 262 42 41.5 6.1 16 500 5310 280 79 77.8 -13.7 | 261 40 39.5 6.4 17 447 6096 280 79 77.8 -13.7 | 261 40 39.5 6.4 18 400 6890 280 82 80.8 -14.2 | 262 43 42.5 5.9 19 358 7620 275 81 80.7 -7.1 | 253 44 42.4 13.1 20 312 8534 280 77 75.8 -13.4 | 260 38 37.5 6.8 21 300 8800 275 81 80.7 -7.1 | 253 44 42.4 13.1 22 284 9144 275 83 82.7 -7.2 | 254 46 44.4 12.9 23 260 9706 280 90 88.6 -15.6 | 265 51 50.3 4.5 24 258 9754 280 90 88.6 -15.6 | 265 51 50.3 4.5 25 254 9851 280 89 87.6 -15.5 | 265 50 49.4 4.7 26 250 9950 280 87 85.7 -15.1 | 264 48 47.4 5.0 27 213 10973 290 73 68.6 -25.0 | 279 31 30.3 -4.8 28 203 11278 285 67 64.7 -17.3 | 264 27 26.4 2.8 29 200 11360 275 71 70.7 -6.2 | 247 35 32.4 13.9 30 175 12192 275 82 81.7 -7.1 | 253 45 43.4 13.0 31 150 13170 285 80 77.3 -20.7 | 271 39 39.0 -0.6 32 144 13411 285 79 76.3 -20.4 | 270 38 38.0 -0.3 33 108 15240 285 70 67.6 -18.1 | 266 29 29.3 2.0 34 100 15720 280 74 72.9 -12.8 | 258 35 34.6 7.3 35 98 15850 280 74 72.9 -12.8 | 258 35 34.6 7.3 36 81 17069 285 60 58.0 -15.5 | 257 20 19.7 4.6 37 70 17950 280 63 62.0 -10.9 | 249 25 23.7 9.2 38 66 18288 280 63 62.0 -10.9 | 249 25 23.7 9.2 39 63 18593 285 66 63.8 -17.1 | 263 26 25.5 3.0 40 50 20060 280 53 52.2 -9.2 | 232 18 13.9 10.9 41 50 20117 285 45 43.5 -11.6 | 211 10 5.2 8.5 42 45 20726 280 58 57.1 -10.1 | 242 21 18.8 10.1 43 41 21336 260 47 46.3 8.2 | 196 29 8.0 28.3 44 35 22250 270 36 36.0 -0.0 | 173 20 -2.3 20.1 45 32 22860 265 49 48.8 4.3 | 203 27 10.5 24.4 46 30 23250 255 42 40.6 10.9 | 184 31 2.3 31.0 47 29 23470 255 35 33.8 9.1 | 171 30 -4.5 29.2 48 25 24384 265 61 60.8 5.3 | 221 34 22.5 25.4 49 23 24994 270 48 48.0 -0.0 | 206 22 9.7 20.1 50 21 25603 250 46 43.2 15.7 | 188 36 4.9 35.9 51 20 25830 255 52 50.2 13.5 | 200 36 11.9 33.6 52 18 26518 255 55 53.1 14.2 | 203 37 14.8 34.4 53 16 27127 265 41 40.8 3.6 | 186 24 2.5 23.7 54 16 27432 255 43 41.5 11.1 | 186 31 3.2 31.3 55 14 28042 255 51 49.3 13.2 | 198 35 11.0 33.3 56 13 28651 240 55 47.6 27.5 | 191 49 9.3 47.6 57 12 28956 255 57 55.1 14.8 | 206 39 16.8 34.9 58 11 29870 250 69 64.8 23.6 | 211 51 26.5 43.7 59 10 30240 260 61 60.1 10.6 | 215 38 21.8 30.7 60 7 32570 250 60 56.4 20.5 | 204 44 18.1 40.7 Wind Parameters Mean winds (0-6000m): 267.7 at 57.7 knts Storm direction: 297.7 at 43.3 knts Shear (0-3000m) pos: 7.3 neg: 2.4 tot: 9.7 10-3/s Storm rel Dir Shear (0-3000m): 83.0 deg Storm rel helicity (0-3000m) pos: 644.0 neg: -24.8 tot: 619.2 m^2/s^2 ave: 206.4 10^-3 m/s^2 rel: 0.58 Storm rel vorticity (0-3000m) horiz: 16.5 stream: 9.6 10^-3/s Energy-Hel index: 0.02 Bulk Rich Number: 0.02 Bulk Shear: 290.22 m/s Storm Parameters ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Depth Mean Inflow| Shear | Helicity | Vorticity AGL Dir Spd Dir Spd| Pos Neg Tot| Pos Neg Tot Ave Rel | Hor Strm m knt knt| 10^-3/s | m^2/s^2 m/s^2 | 10^-3/s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 500 214 28 152 49| 26.9 0.0 26.9|319.8 0.0 319.8 639.5 0.94| 27.3 25.5 1000 223 34 162 48| 17.1 0.0 17.1|479.8 0.0 479.8 479.8 0.86| 22.5 19.4 1500 233 38 169 44| 12.8 0.0 12.8|548.3 0.0 548.3 365.5 0.78| 19.6 15.3 2000 242 40 176 39| 11.2 0.0 11.2|596.4 0.0 596.4 298.2 0.74| 18.0 13.4 2500 249 43 183 36| 9.0 2.9 11.8|631.4 -24.8 606.6 242.6 0.63| 17.9 11.2 3000 253 45 188 34| 7.3 2.4 9.7|644.0 -24.8 619.2 206.4 0.58| 16.5 9.6 4000 259 48 198 31| 7.1 1.8 8.9|738.9 -24.8 714.1 178.5 0.63| 14.3 9.0 5000 264 53 209 30| 7.0 2.5 9.6|902.1 -66.3 835.8 167.2 0.57| 14.4 8.3 6000 268 58 221 30| 5.9 2.0 7.9|903.7 -71.5 832.2 138.7 0.56| 12.2 6.9 Wrote GIF file: /home/apache/climate/data/raob//KBUF/skewt/KBUF.skewt.20251210.00.gif