UPPER AIR CALCULATIONS AND PLOTTING (Ver 5.52-LINUX-X11) Current filename: /home/data/upa/2025120700.upa.cvt Date: 0000Z 7 DEC 25 Searching for KBUF... Searching the city database file for: KBUF ... Date:0000Z 7 DEC 25 Station: KBUF WMO ident: 72528 Latitude: 42.93 Longitude: -78.73 Elevation: 215.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LEV PRES HGHT TEMP DEWP RH DD WETB DIR SPD THETA THE-V THE-W THE-E W mb m C C % C C deg knt K K K K g/kg ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 1000 114 SFC 987 215 0.2 -5.8 64 6.0 -1.9 250 13 274.4 274.8 271.9 281.3 2.51 2 928 708 -4.1 -8.0 74 3.9 -5.4 264 24 274.9 275.2 271.8 281.1 2.25 3 925 734 -4.5 -8.3 75 3.8 -5.7 265 24 274.7 275.1 271.6 280.9 2.21 4 874 1178 -8.7 -8.9 98 0.2 -8.8 270 22 274.8 275.2 271.8 281.0 2.23 5 868 1231 -9.1 -9.1 100 0.0 -9.1 270 22 275.0 275.3 271.8 281.1 2.21 6 850 1393 -10.3 -10.3 100 0.0 -10.3 275 22 275.4 275.7 271.8 281.1 2.05 7 816 1706 -12.3 -12.6 98 0.3 -12.4 282 31 276.5 276.8 272.0 281.5 1.78 8 810 1763 -12.7 -13.6 93 0.9 -12.9 283 32 276.6 276.9 271.9 281.3 1.65 9 808 1781 -12.3 -15.1 80 2.8 -13.0 284 33 277.2 277.5 272.0 281.5 1.46 10 806 1800 -11.1 -23.1 36 12.0 -13.5 284 33 278.7 278.8 271.7 280.9 0.74 11 804 1820 -10.5 -25.5 28 15.0 -13.3 285 34 279.6 279.7 271.9 281.4 0.60 12 798 1877 -9.3 -19.3 44 10.0 -11.6 284 34 281.4 281.6 273.8 284.5 1.04 13 795 1906 -9.3 -20.3 40 11.0 -11.8 284 34 281.7 281.9 273.8 284.6 0.96 14 789 1965 -8.9 -17.9 48 9.0 -11.1 283 34 282.8 283.0 274.7 286.3 1.18 15 754 2316 -10.1 -18.1 52 8.0 -12.1 283 34 285.2 285.4 276.0 288.8 1.22 16 745 2408 -10.3 -19.3 48 9.0 -12.5 284 34 285.9 286.1 276.3 289.3 1.11 17 700 2885 -13.5 -22.5 47 9.0 -15.4 290 37 287.5 287.7 276.8 290.3 0.90 18 662 3306 -16.5 -25.5 46 9.0 -18.1 287 39 288.8 288.9 277.2 291.1 0.72 19 624 3747 -20.3 -26.3 59 6.0 -21.3 286 42 289.4 289.5 277.4 291.6 0.72 20 609 3926 -21.7 -29.7 48 8.0 -22.9 287 43 289.8 289.9 277.4 291.5 0.53 21 596 4085 -23.1 -29.1 58 6.0 -24.0 288 44 289.9 290.0 277.5 291.8 0.58 22 576 4333 -25.1 -32.1 52 7.0 -26.0 289 46 290.4 290.5 277.6 291.9 0.45 23 572 4384 -25.5 -34.5 43 9.0 -26.5 288 46 290.6 290.6 277.5 291.7 0.36 24 560 4537 -26.7 -33.7 52 7.0 -27.5 286 47 290.9 291.0 277.7 292.2 0.40 25 541 4785 -27.9 -37.9 38 10.0 -28.9 282 48 292.4 292.4 278.3 293.3 0.27 26 535 4865 -27.3 -38.3 34 11.0 -28.4 280 49 294.0 294.1 279.0 294.9 0.26 27 521 5056 -28.3 -37.3 42 9.0 -29.2 282 50 295.0 295.1 279.6 296.0 0.30 28 500 5350 -28.7 -43.7 22 15.0 -29.9 285 51 298.0 298.1 280.7 298.6 0.16 29 491 5480 -29.1 -45.1 20 16.0 -30.4 284 52 299.1 299.1 281.1 299.6 0.14 30 475 5716 -30.1 -45.1 22 15.0 -31.3 283 53 300.7 300.7 281.8 301.2 0.14 31 460 5943 -31.5 -42.5 33 11.0 -32.4 281 55 301.7 301.8 282.4 302.4 0.20 32 451 6083 -31.9 -46.9 21 15.0 -33.0 280 56 303.0 303.0 282.7 303.4 0.12 33 447 6146 -32.1 -47.1 21 15.0 -33.1 280 56 303.5 303.5 283.0 303.9 0.12 34 428 6451 -34.1 -47.1 26 13.0 -35.0 280 57 304.7 304.7 283.5 305.2 0.13 35 418 6616 -35.5 -46.5 32 11.0 -36.2 280 58 305.0 305.0 283.6 305.5 0.14 36 411 6733 -36.5 -48.5 28 12.0 -37.2 280 58 305.2 305.2 283.6 305.6 0.11 37 408 6783 -36.7 -51.7 20 15.0 -37.5 280 58 305.6 305.6 283.7 305.8 0.08 38 400 6920 -38.1 -53.1 19 15.0 -38.8 280 59 305.5 305.5 283.7 305.7 0.07 39 399 6937 -38.1 -53.1 19 15.0 -38.8 280 59 305.7 305.7 283.8 305.9 0.07 40 383 7217 -40.7 -52.7 26 12.0 -41.2 282 61 305.9 305.9 283.8 306.1 0.08 41 362 7598 -43.9 -58.9 17 15.0 -44.3 285 65 306.6 306.6 284.1 306.7 0.04 42 354 7748 -45.1 -57.1 25 12.0 -45.4 285 67 306.9 306.9 284.2 307.1 0.05 43 341 7996 -47.1 -60.1 21 13.0 -47.4 285 71 307.5 307.5 284.4 307.6 0.03 44 315 8515 -51.9 -60.9 33 9.0 -52.1 285 79 307.9 307.9 284.5 308.0 0.03 45 305 8723 -53.1 -61.1 37 8.0 -53.2 270 73 309.0 309.0 285.0 309.2 0.03 46 303 8766 -53.1 -61.1 37 8.0 -53.2 270 73 309.6 309.6 285.2 309.7 0.03 47 300 8830 -52.3 -62.3 29 10.0 -52.5 270 72 311.6 311.6 285.9 311.7 0.03 48 297 8895 -52.9 -61.9 33 9.0 -53.1 270 71 311.7 311.7 285.9 311.8 0.03 49 289 9072 -51.7 -65.7 17 14.0 -52.0 270 70 315.8 315.8 287.4 315.9 0.02 50 280 9278 -52.7 -67.7 15 15.0 -52.9 270 67 317.3 317.3 287.9 317.3 0.02 51 273 9442 -51.7 -72.7 6 21.0 -52.0 270 65 321.0 321.0 289.0 321.1 0.01 52 251 9994 -48.1 -77.1 2 29.0 -48.6 265 83 334.2 334.2 292.9 334.2 0.00 53 250 10020 -48.1 -77.1 2 29.0 -48.6 265 84 334.6 334.6 292.9 334.6 0.00 54 234 10456 -47.3 -78.3 2 31.0 -47.9 264 87 342.2 342.2 294.8 342.2 0.00 55 233 10484 -47.3 -78.3 2 31.0 -47.9 264 87 342.6 342.6 295.0 342.6 0.00 56 215 11013 -48.7 -79.7 2 31.0 -49.2 262 89 348.4 348.4 296.3 348.4 0.00 57 200 11490 -46.9 -79.9 1 33.0 -47.6 260 91 358.5 358.5 298.4 358.5 0.00 58 150 13400 -51.5 -82.5 1 30.9 -52.1 260 111 381.3 381.3 302.5 381.3 0.00 59 100 15990 -58.1 -86.1 2 28.0 -58.5 265 81 415.5 415.5 307.2 415.5 0.00 60 94 16380 -57.5 -86.5 1 29.0 -57.9 263 78 424.1 424.1 308.2 424.1 0.00 61 90 16652 -59.5 -86.5 2 27.0 -59.9 260 74 425.4 425.4 308.3 425.4 0.00 62 88 16793 -58.5 -86.5 2 28.0 -58.9 259 72 430.1 430.1 308.9 430.2 0.00 63 81 17312 -60.1 -87.1 2 27.0 -60.4 254 64 437.2 437.2 309.6 437.2 0.00 64 78 17547 -59.1 -87.1 1 28.0 -59.5 251 61 444.0 444.0 310.3 444.0 0.00 65 70 18220 -62.1 -88.1 2 26.0 -62.4 265 57 451.5 451.5 311.0 451.5 0.00 66 69 18309 -62.5 -88.5 2 26.0 -62.8 265 61 452.5 452.5 311.1 452.5 0.00 67 68 18399 -60.7 -87.7 2 27.0 -61.1 263 60 458.3 458.3 311.6 458.3 0.00 68 64 18773 -63.1 -88.1 2 25.0 -63.4 257 57 461.1 461.1 311.8 461.1 0.00 69 60 19169 -63.9 -89.9 2 26.0 -64.2 262 55 467.9 467.9 312.4 467.9 0.00 70 60 19169 -63.9 -89.9 2 26.0 -64.2 262 55 467.9 467.9 312.4 467.9 0.00 71 58 19377 -61.7 -88.7 2 27.0 -62.1 267 54 477.4 477.4 313.2 477.4 0.00 72 53 19932 -63.7 -89.7 2 26.0 -64.0 255 54 485.2 485.2 313.8 485.2 0.00 73 50 20290 -62.5 -89.5 1 27.0 -62.9 255 52 496.2 496.2 314.7 496.2 0.00 74 49 20415 -62.5 -89.5 1 27.0 -62.9 270 53 499.1 499.1 314.9 499.1 0.00 75 46 20812 -55.7 -87.7 1 32.0 -56.7 258 53 524.6 524.6 316.6 524.6 0.00 76 42 21389 -58.9 -87.9 1 29.0 -59.7 278 48 530.5 530.5 316.9 530.5 0.00 77 40 21697 -56.5 -87.5 1 31.0 -57.6 289 33 544.0 544.0 317.8 544.0 0.00 78 38 22021 -59.1 -88.1 1 29.0 -59.9 276 18 545.4 545.4 317.8 545.4 0.00 79 37 22190 -57.3 -88.3 1 31.0 -58.3 257 16 554.2 554.2 318.3 554.2 0.00 80 34 22721 -60.5 -88.5 1 28.0 -61.3 254 16 559.3 559.3 318.6 559.3 0.00 81 32 23101 -58.9 -88.9 1 30.0 -59.9 259 19 573.4 573.4 319.3 573.4 0.00 82 31 23301 -56.7 -88.7 1 32.0 -58.0 254 25 584.6 584.6 319.9 584.6 0.00 83 30 23510 -55.9 -86.9 1 31.0 -57.3 235 7 592.2 592.2 320.3 592.3 0.01 84 29 23725 -57.1 -88.1 1 31.0 -58.4 264 14 594.7 594.7 320.3 594.7 0.01 85 26 24414 -57.9 -87.9 1 30.0 -59.2 242 20 611.3 611.3 321.1 611.4 0.01 86 24 24922 -54.7 -86.7 1 32.0 -56.6 276 16 634.8 634.8 322.1 634.8 0.01 87 23 25194 -55.7 -86.7 1 31.0 -57.5 212 7 639.6 639.6 322.3 639.7 0.01 88 21 25776 -53.1 -86.1 1 33.0 -55.6 283 2 664.3 664.3 323.2 664.4 0.01 89 20 26090 -54.1 -86.1 1 32.0 -56.5 350 2 670.6 670.6 323.4 670.7 0.01 90 19 26420 -54.1 -86.1 1 32.0 -56.6 354 1 680.5 680.5 323.8 680.6 0.01 91 15 27951 -50.9 -84.9 1 34.0 -54.8 105 11 738.7 738.7 325.6 738.9 0.02 92 13 28896 -44.9 -82.9 1 38.0 -51.6 71 12 790.4 790.4 327.0 790.6 0.03 93 11 30007 -47.9 -83.9 1 36.0 -53.9 89 16 818.1 818.2 327.7 818.4 0.03 94 10 30640 -45.5 -83.5 1 38.0 -52.9 75 17 849.7 849.7 328.4 850.1 0.04 95 9.4 31053 -44.9 -82.9 1 38.0 -52.9 96 15 867.2 867.2 328.8 867.6 0.04 96 7.5 32551 -47.7 -84.7 1 37.0 -55.3 172 8 913.7 913.7 329.7 914.1 0.04 97 7.1 32915 -44.9 -82.9 1 38.0 -54.1 190 6 939.6 939.7 330.2 940.2 0.06 98 7.0 33010 -45.1 -84.1 0 39.0 -54.3 195 6 942.6 942.6 330.2 943.1 0.05 99 6.5 33505 -44.7 -82.7 1 38.0 -54.4 964.5 964.5 330.6 965.2 0.07 100 6.3 33715 -42.9 -82.9 0 40.0 -53.8 980.8 980.9 330.9 981.5 0.07 101 5.8 34270 -45.7 -83.7 1 38.0 -55.4 992.1 992.1 331.1 992.8 0.06 TRP 305 8723 -53.1 -61.1 37 8.0 -53.2 270 73 309.0 309.0 285.0 309.2 0.03 WND 150 13400 -51.5 -82.5 1 30.9 -52.1 260 111 381.3 381.3 302.5 381.3 0.00 Sounding variables and indices 1000-500 mb thick: 5236.00 m Freezing level: 984.26 mb = 237.94 m = 780.65 ft Wetbulb zero: Below ground Precipitable water: 0.25 inches Sfc-500 mean rel hum: 58.12 % Est. max temperature: 1.60 C = 34.88 F Sfc-Lift cond lev (LCL): 898.57 mb = 960.72 m = 3151.93 ft T: -6.65 C 700-500 lapse rate: 6.17 C/km ThetaE index: 0.52 C Layer 806.0- 804.0 mb Conv cond level (CCL): 877.49 mb = 1146.46 m = 3761.29 ft Mean mixing ratio: 2.31 g/kg Conv temperature: 0.65 C = 33.17 F Cap Strength: 12.17 C Lifted Index: 14.35 C Risk: None Lifted Index @300 mb: 21.68 C Lifted Index @700 mb: 8.34 C Showalter Index: 14.35 C Risk: None Total Totals Index: 36.80 C Risk: None Vertical Totals Index: 18.40 C Cross Totals Index: 18.40 C K Index: -0.90 Risk: None Sweat Index: 95.00 Risk: None Energy Index: 3.68 Risk: None Parcel Indices Parcel: using 100 mb layer CAPE (B+): 1.09 J/kg Max Up Vert Vel: 1.48 m/s Conv Inhibition (B-): 76859.12 J/kg Cap Strength: 13.35 C Lift Cond Lev (LCL): 879.29 mb = 1130.40 m = 3708.62 ft Lev Free Conv (LFC): -1.00 mb = -9999.00 m = -9999.00 ft Wind level data Storm motion: 313 at 29 knt ---------------------------------------------------------- TRUE/GROUND REL | STORM REL LEV P H DIR SPD U V | DIR SPD U V mb m knt m/s | knt m/s ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 987 215 250 13 12.2 4.4 | 159 26 -9.1 24.0 1 939 610 260 22 21.7 3.8 | 181 23 0.3 23.4 2 925 734 265 24 23.9 2.1 | 187 22 2.6 21.7 3 904 914 270 25 25.0 -0.0 | 191 20 3.7 19.6 4 869 1219 270 22 22.0 -0.0 | 182 20 0.7 19.6 5 850 1393 275 22 21.9 -1.9 | 182 18 0.6 17.7 6 803 1829 285 34 32.8 -8.8 | 227 16 11.5 10.8 7 772 2134 280 33 32.5 -5.7 | 219 18 11.1 13.9 8 742 2438 285 34 32.8 -8.8 | 227 16 11.5 10.8 9 713 2743 290 36 33.8 -12.3 | 240 14 12.5 7.3 10 700 2885 290 37 34.8 -12.7 | 243 15 13.4 6.9 11 630 3658 285 41 39.6 -10.6 | 244 20 18.3 9.0 12 580 4267 290 46 43.2 -15.7 | 260 22 21.9 3.9 13 533 4877 280 49 48.3 -8.5 | 248 29 26.9 11.1 14 500 5350 285 51 49.3 -13.2 | 257 29 27.9 6.4 15 450 6096 280 56 55.1 -9.7 | 254 35 33.8 9.9 16 400 6920 280 59 58.1 -10.2 | 256 38 36.8 9.4 17 360 7620 285 65 62.8 -16.8 | 266 42 41.4 2.8 18 314 8534 285 79 76.3 -20.4 | 271 55 55.0 -0.8 19 305 8723 270 73 73.0 -0.0 | 249 55 51.7 19.6 20 300 8830 270 72 72.0 -0.0 | 249 54 50.7 19.6 21 286 9144 270 69 69.0 -0.0 | 248 52 47.7 19.6 22 273 9449 270 65 65.0 -0.0 | 246 48 43.7 19.6 23 250 10020 265 84 83.7 7.3 | 247 68 62.3 26.9 24 249 10058 265 85 84.7 7.4 | 247 69 63.3 27.0 25 200 11490 260 91 89.6 15.8 | 243 77 68.3 35.4 26 197 11582 260 94 92.6 16.3 | 243 80 71.2 35.9 27 188 11887 260 90 88.6 15.6 | 242 76 67.3 35.2 28 150 13400 260 111 109.3 19.3 | 246 96 88.0 38.9 29 143 13716 260 111 109.3 19.3 | 246 96 88.0 38.9 30 130 14326 265 103 102.6 9.0 | 251 86 81.3 28.6 31 124 14630 275 89 88.7 -7.8 | 260 68 67.3 11.8 32 112 15240 260 75 73.9 13.0 | 238 62 52.5 32.6 33 102 15850 255 88 85.0 22.8 | 236 76 63.7 42.4 34 100 15990 265 81 80.7 7.1 | 246 65 59.3 26.7 35 97 16154 265 81 80.7 7.1 | 246 65 59.3 26.7 36 76 17678 250 59 55.4 20.2 | 221 52 34.1 39.8 37 70 18220 265 57 56.8 5.0 | 235 43 35.4 24.6 38 69 18288 265 61 60.8 5.3 | 238 47 39.4 24.9 39 63 18898 255 56 54.1 14.5 | 224 47 32.7 34.1 40 57 19507 270 53 53.0 -0.0 | 238 37 31.7 19.6 41 54 19812 255 55 53.1 14.2 | 223 46 31.8 33.8 42 50 20290 255 52 50.2 13.5 | 221 44 28.9 33.1 43 49 20422 270 53 53.0 -0.0 | 238 37 31.7 19.6 44 47 20726 255 53 51.2 13.7 | 222 45 29.8 33.3 45 42 21336 275 51 50.8 -4.4 | 243 33 29.5 15.2 46 40 21641 290 36 33.8 -12.3 | 240 14 12.5 7.3 47 38 21946 285 18 17.4 -4.7 | 165 15 -4.0 14.9 48 37 22250 250 16 15.0 5.5 | 166 26 -6.3 25.1 49 35 22555 240 20 17.3 10.0 | 172 30 -4.0 29.6 50 33 22860 265 13 13.0 1.1 | 158 22 -8.4 20.7 51 30 23470 250 29 27.3 9.9 | 191 30 5.9 29.5 52 30 23510 235 7 5.7 4.0 | 147 28 -15.6 23.6 53 29 23774 270 16 16.0 -0.0 | 165 20 -5.3 19.6 54 27 24079 220 10 6.4 7.7 | 151 31 -14.9 27.3 55 26 24384 240 20 17.3 10.0 | 172 30 -4.0 29.6 56 24 24994 280 16 15.8 -2.8 | 162 18 -5.6 16.8 57 23 25298 180 3 0.0 3.0 | 137 31 -21.3 22.6 58 20 26090 350 2 0.3 -2.0 | 130 27 -21.0 17.6 59 19 26518 355 1 0.1 -1.0 | 131 28 -21.3 18.6 60 16 27432 120 14 -12.1 7.0 | 128 43 -33.5 26.6 61 16 27737 95 11 -11.0 1.0 | 122 38 -32.3 20.6 62 14 28346 120 10 -8.7 5.0 | 129 39 -30.0 24.6 63 14 28651 45 10 -7.1 -7.1 | 114 31 -28.4 12.5 64 12 29261 105 15 -14.5 3.9 | 123 43 -35.8 23.5 65 10 30640 75 17 -16.4 -4.4 | 112 41 -37.8 15.2 66 7 33010 195 6 1.6 5.8 | 142 32 -19.8 25.4 Wind Parameters Mean winds (0-6000m): 282.6 at 38.6 knts Storm direction: 312.6 at 29.0 knts Shear (0-3000m) pos: 4.3 neg: 1.0 tot: 5.3 10-3/s Storm rel Dir Shear (0-3000m): 84.3 deg Storm rel helicity (0-3000m) pos: 161.5 neg: -23.3 tot: 138.1 m^2/s^2 ave: 46.0 10^-3 m/s^2 rel: 0.61 Storm rel vorticity (0-3000m) horiz: 7.6 stream: 4.7 10^-3/s Energy-Hel index: 0.00 Bulk Rich Number: 0.02 Bulk Shear: 70.47 m/s Storm Parameters ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Depth Mean Inflow| Shear | Helicity | Vorticity AGL Dir Spd Dir Spd| Pos Neg Tot| Pos Neg Tot Ave Rel | Hor Strm m knt knt| 10^-3/s | m^2/s^2 m/s^2 | 10^-3/s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 500 258 19 172 24| 11.9 0.0 11.9| 71.8 0.0 71.8 143.5 0.94| 12.2 11.5 1000 264 21 180 22| 5.5 0.0 5.5| 81.5 -15.3 66.2 66.2 0.57| 9.1 5.2 1500 269 22 183 20| 7.2 0.0 7.2|121.6 -15.5 106.1 70.7 0.67| 9.9 6.6 2000 274 25 192 18| 5.4 0.6 6.1|136.3 -23.3 113.0 56.5 0.60| 9.0 5.4 2500 277 27 199 17| 5.2 0.5 5.7|156.2 -23.3 132.8 53.1 0.63| 8.4 5.3 3000 280 29 205 16| 4.3 1.0 5.3|161.5 -23.3 138.1 46.0 0.61| 7.6 4.7 4000 282 32 218 16| 3.9 1.1 5.0|192.4 -23.3 169.1 42.3 0.62| 6.8 4.2 5000 283 35 228 18| 3.4 1.4 4.8|216.0 -55.3 160.8 32.2 0.48| 6.6 3.2 6000 283 39 236 20| 2.8 1.8 4.6|227.0 -69.9 157.1 26.2 0.42| 6.2 2.6 Wrote GIF file: /home/apache/climate/data/raob//KBUF/skewt/KBUF.skewt.20251207.00.gif