UPPER AIR CALCULATIONS AND PLOTTING (Ver 5.52-LINUX-X11) Current filename: /home/data/upa/2025120412.upa.cvt Date: 1200Z 4 DEC 25 Searching for KBUF... Searching the city database file for: KBUF ... Date:1200Z 4 DEC 25 Station: KBUF WMO ident: 72528 Latitude: 42.93 Longitude: -78.73 Elevation: 215.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LEV PRES HGHT TEMP DEWP RH DD WETB DIR SPD THETA THE-V THE-W THE-E W mb m C C % C C deg knt K K K K g/kg ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 1000 133 SFC 989 215 -2.3 -4.0 88 1.7 -2.9 275 14 271.7 272.2 270.8 279.5 2.87 2 955 495 -4.7 -6.0 91 1.3 -5.1 286 20 272.0 272.4 270.5 279.0 2.55 3 942 604 -5.1 -8.3 78 3.2 -6.1 290 23 272.7 273.0 270.3 278.7 2.17 4 925 748 -6.1 -8.7 82 2.6 -6.9 295 26 273.1 273.4 270.5 279.0 2.14 5 885 1093 -8.3 -10.1 87 1.8 -8.8 278 28 274.3 274.6 271.1 279.9 2.00 6 866 1261 -9.3 -11.5 84 2.2 -9.9 269 31 274.9 275.2 271.2 280.1 1.83 7 862 1297 -9.3 -12.6 77 3.3 -10.2 268 32 275.3 275.6 271.2 280.1 1.68 8 857 1342 -9.7 -13.4 74 3.7 -10.7 267 33 275.3 275.6 271.0 279.8 1.58 9 850 1405 -10.3 -13.5 77 3.2 -11.1 265 35 275.4 275.6 271.1 279.9 1.58 10 783 2030 -16.1 -16.1 100 0.0 -16.1 265 36 275.7 275.9 270.9 279.7 1.39 11 738 2473 -19.1 -19.4 97 0.3 -19.1 269 37 277.1 277.3 271.4 280.4 1.11 12 734 2513 -19.3 -20.1 93 0.8 -19.4 269 39 277.3 277.5 271.4 280.4 1.05 13 731 2544 -19.3 -23.7 68 4.4 -20.0 268 40 277.6 277.8 271.1 279.9 0.77 14 729 2564 -19.1 -26.1 54 7.0 -20.2 268 41 278.1 278.2 271.1 280.0 0.62 15 727 2585 -18.5 -35.5 21 17.0 -20.5 268 43 279.0 279.0 271.0 279.8 0.26 16 726 2595 -18.5 -38.5 15 20.0 -20.7 267 43 279.1 279.1 270.9 279.7 0.19 17 725 2605 -18.3 -40.3 13 22.0 -20.5 267 44 279.4 279.4 271.1 279.9 0.16 18 700 2867 -18.5 -41.5 11 23.0 -20.8 265 55 282.0 282.0 272.6 282.5 0.14 19 652 3395 -18.9 -44.9 8 26.0 -21.4 263 61 287.3 287.4 275.5 287.7 0.11 20 646 3464 -19.3 -46.3 7 27.0 -21.8 263 62 287.6 287.7 275.6 288.0 0.09 21 643 3498 -19.5 -36.5 21 17.0 -21.6 264 62 287.8 287.8 276.0 288.7 0.26 22 631 3638 -20.7 -33.7 30 13.0 -22.4 265 64 288.0 288.0 276.2 289.1 0.35 23 623 3732 -20.1 -41.1 14 21.0 -22.3 265 66 289.7 289.8 276.8 290.3 0.17 24 591 4121 -21.7 -37.7 22 16.0 -23.5 265 72 292.3 292.3 278.2 293.1 0.25 25 584 4208 -22.3 -39.3 20 17.0 -24.2 265 73 292.6 292.6 278.3 293.3 0.22 26 580 4258 -22.7 -36.7 27 14.0 -24.4 265 74 292.7 292.7 278.4 293.6 0.28 27 549 4658 -25.5 -48.5 10 23.0 -27.2 265 76 294.0 294.0 278.7 294.3 0.09 28 530 4912 -27.3 -48.3 12 21.0 -28.8 265 78 294.8 294.8 279.1 295.1 0.09 29 527 4953 -27.3 -42.3 23 15.0 -28.6 264 78 295.3 295.3 279.5 295.9 0.18 30 522 5022 -27.7 -50.7 9 23.0 -29.2 263 78 295.6 295.6 279.5 295.9 0.07 31 518 5077 -28.1 -49.1 12 21.0 -29.6 262 77 295.8 295.8 279.6 296.1 0.08 32 516 5104 -28.1 -40.1 31 12.0 -29.2 261 77 296.1 296.1 280.0 296.9 0.23 33 513 5146 -28.3 -39.3 34 11.0 -29.3 261 77 296.4 296.4 280.1 297.2 0.25 34 511 5174 -28.3 -41.3 28 13.0 -29.5 260 77 296.7 296.7 280.2 297.4 0.20 35 509 5202 -28.3 -43.3 22 15.0 -29.6 259 78 297.0 297.0 280.3 297.6 0.16 36 505 5259 -28.3 -39.3 34 11.0 -29.4 257 83 297.7 297.7 280.7 298.5 0.25 37 500 5330 -28.1 -42.1 25 14.0 -29.3 255 88 298.8 298.8 281.1 299.4 0.19 38 499 5344 -28.1 -42.1 25 14.0 -29.3 255 88 298.9 299.0 281.1 299.6 0.19 39 497 5373 -28.1 -43.1 22 15.0 -29.4 255 89 299.3 299.3 281.3 299.9 0.17 40 482 5594 -29.3 -40.3 34 11.0 -30.3 257 95 300.4 300.5 281.8 301.3 0.24 41 479 5638 -29.5 -44.5 22 15.0 -30.7 257 96 300.7 300.8 281.9 301.3 0.15 42 471 5759 -30.1 -48.1 16 18.0 -31.4 258 99 301.4 301.5 282.1 301.8 0.10 43 470 5774 -30.3 -47.3 17 17.0 -31.5 258 99 301.4 301.4 282.1 301.8 0.11 44 462 5897 -30.3 -50.3 12 20.0 -31.6 259 103 302.9 302.9 282.7 303.2 0.08 45 449 6100 -31.9 -48.9 17 17.0 -33.0 260 108 303.3 303.4 282.9 303.7 0.10 46 440 6243 -33.3 -44.3 32 11.0 -34.1 260 110 303.3 303.4 283.0 303.9 0.17 47 438 6275 -33.5 -43.5 36 10.0 -34.3 260 110 303.5 303.5 283.0 304.1 0.19 48 432 6372 -33.9 -48.9 21 15.0 -34.8 260 111 304.2 304.2 283.2 304.5 0.10 49 429 6421 -34.3 -49.3 20 15.0 -35.2 260 112 304.3 304.3 283.2 304.6 0.10 50 427 6454 -33.9 -46.9 26 13.0 -34.8 260 112 305.2 305.2 283.7 305.6 0.13 51 422 6537 -34.3 -40.3 55 6.0 -34.8 260 113 305.7 305.7 284.0 306.6 0.27 52 414 6671 -35.3 -42.3 49 7.0 -35.8 260 115 306.1 306.1 284.1 306.9 0.22 53 406 6807 -36.5 -42.5 54 6.0 -37.0 260 117 306.2 306.3 284.2 307.0 0.22 54 405 6824 -36.7 -41.5 61 4.8 -37.1 260 117 306.2 306.2 284.2 307.1 0.25 55 400 6910 -37.5 -43.5 53 6.0 -37.9 260 118 306.3 306.3 284.2 307.0 0.20 56 310 8616 -50.3 -55.1 57 4.8 -50.4 255 135 311.5 311.5 285.9 311.8 0.07 57 300 8830 -49.5 -66.5 12 17.0 -49.8 255 140 315.6 315.6 287.3 315.6 0.02 58 283 9211 -49.8 -69.4 8 19.6 -50.1 260 154 320.4 320.4 288.9 320.5 0.01 59 250 10020 -50.5 -75.5 4 25.0 -50.8 260 130 331.0 331.0 292.0 331.0 0.01 60 200 11480 -50.3 -80.3 2 30.0 -50.8 260 103 353.1 353.1 297.3 353.1 0.00 61 150 13340 -53.1 -84.1 1 31.0 -53.5 250 95 378.6 378.6 302.0 378.6 0.00 62 100 15940 -56.3 -85.3 1 29.0 -56.8 260 73 418.9 418.9 307.6 419.0 0.00 63 97 16133 -57.1 -85.1 2 28.0 -57.5 260 73 421.1 421.1 307.9 421.1 0.00 64 94 16331 -56.7 -85.7 1 29.0 -57.2 262 70 425.6 425.6 308.3 425.7 0.00 65 91 16538 -53.7 -85.7 1 32.0 -54.4 265 67 435.6 435.6 309.4 435.6 0.00 66 86 16899 -55.9 -86.9 1 31.0 -56.5 269 62 438.2 438.2 309.7 438.2 0.00 67 80 17360 -54.7 -85.7 1 31.0 -55.4 275 55 449.9 449.9 310.8 449.9 0.00 68 72 18031 -55.9 -86.9 1 31.0 -56.6 283 45 461.1 461.1 311.8 461.1 0.00 69 70 18210 -57.1 -87.1 1 30.0 -57.7 285 42 462.2 462.2 312.0 462.2 0.00 70 64 18774 -60.5 -88.5 1 28.0 -60.9 284 38 466.8 466.8 312.4 466.8 0.00 71 61 19075 -59.1 -89.1 1 30.0 -59.6 276 37 476.3 476.3 313.1 476.3 0.00 72 61 19075 -57.3 -87.3 1 30.0 -58.0 276 37 480.3 480.3 313.5 480.4 0.00 73 58 19393 -58.3 -87.3 1 29.0 -58.9 251 38 485.1 485.1 313.8 485.1 0.00 74 57 19503 -56.7 -86.7 1 30.0 -57.5 240 38 491.1 491.1 314.3 491.1 0.00 75 53 19963 -58.9 -88.9 1 30.0 -59.5 247 42 496.3 496.3 314.7 496.4 0.00 76 51 20205 -58.9 -88.9 1 30.0 -59.6 258 44 501.8 501.8 315.1 501.8 0.00 77 50 20330 -57.1 -88.1 1 31.0 -57.9 270 45 508.9 508.9 315.6 508.9 0.00 78 49 20458 -57.5 -88.5 1 31.0 -58.3 270 45 510.9 510.9 315.7 510.9 0.00 79 45 20998 -54.7 -86.7 1 32.0 -55.9 283 37 530.3 530.3 316.9 530.3 0.00 80 43 21287 -57.3 -87.3 1 30.0 -58.2 297 28 530.9 530.9 317.0 530.9 0.00 81 40 21744 -57.3 -88.3 1 31.0 -58.3 268 29 542.0 542.0 317.6 542.0 0.00 82 36 22403 -61.5 -89.5 1 28.0 -62.1 280 26 547.7 547.7 317.9 547.7 0.00 83 34 22760 -58.5 -88.5 1 30.0 -59.5 268 25 564.6 564.6 318.9 564.6 0.00 84 33 22947 -58.3 -89.3 1 31.0 -59.3 274 26 570.0 570.0 319.2 570.0 0.00 85 32 23141 -58.9 -89.9 1 31.0 -59.9 293 29 573.4 573.4 319.3 573.4 0.00 86 31 23341 -56.7 -88.7 1 32.0 -58.0 280 28 584.6 584.6 319.9 584.6 0.00 87 30 23550 -53.3 -86.3 1 33.0 -55.2 320 16 599.3 599.3 320.6 599.4 0.01 88 29 23767 -52.3 -85.3 1 33.0 -54.4 306 29 607.9 607.9 321.0 608.0 0.01 89 27 24224 -54.5 -84.5 1 30.0 -56.3 309 8 614.3 614.3 321.2 614.4 0.01 90 25 24710 -57.7 -88.7 1 31.0 -59.1 250 10 618.8 618.8 321.5 618.8 0.01 91 24 24966 -58.5 -88.5 1 30.0 -59.8 245 16 623.7 623.7 321.6 623.8 0.01 92 22 25515 -54.5 -87.5 1 33.0 -56.6 316 21 651.4 651.4 322.7 651.4 0.01 93 20 26120 -56.3 -87.3 1 31.0 -58.2 230 11 663.8 663.8 323.2 663.9 0.01 94 19 26445 -57.1 -89.1 1 32.0 -59.0 235 11 671.2 671.2 323.4 671.2 0.01 95 19 26445 -55.5 -88.5 1 33.0 -57.7 235 11 676.1 676.1 323.6 676.2 0.01 96 18 26788 -56.1 -88.1 1 32.0 -58.3 229 7 684.8 684.8 323.9 684.8 0.01 97 16 27543 -52.5 -86.5 1 34.0 -55.8 312 18 720.0 720.0 325.1 720.1 0.01 98 15 27958 -53.3 -86.3 1 33.0 -56.5 315 24 730.7 730.7 325.4 730.9 0.02 99 14 28403 -52.5 -84.5 1 32.0 -56.1 324 20 748.0 748.0 325.9 748.2 0.02 100 14 28403 -51.3 -83.3 1 32.0 -55.3 324 20 752.1 752.1 326.0 752.3 0.03 101 14 28403 -47.1 -80.1 1 33.0 -52.6 324 20 766.3 766.3 326.4 766.7 0.05 102 12 29414 -51.1 -87.1 1 36.0 -55.6 302 11 786.7 786.7 326.9 786.8 0.02 103 11 29983 -48.3 -85.3 1 37.0 -54.2 269 15 816.7 816.7 327.7 816.9 0.02 104 11 29983 -48.9 -85.9 1 37.0 -54.5 269 15 814.5 814.5 327.6 814.7 0.02 105 10 30610 -47.7 -85.7 0 38.0 -54.2 265 17 841.5 841.5 328.2 841.7 0.03 106 7.7 32348 -44.5 -82.5 1 38.0 -53.5 919.7 919.7 329.8 920.3 0.06 107 7.1 32890 -46.1 -85.1 0 39.0 -54.7 934.7 934.7 330.1 935.1 0.04 TRP 310 8616 -50.3 -55.1 57 4.8 -50.4 255 135 311.5 311.5 285.9 311.8 0.07 WND 283 9211 -49.8 -69.4 8 19.6 -50.1 260 154 320.4 320.4 288.9 320.5 0.01 Sounding variables and indices 1000-500 mb thick: 5197.00 m Freezing level: Surface below freezing Wetbulb zero: Below ground Precipitable water: 0.22 inches Sfc-500 mean rel hum: 48.55 % Est. max temperature: 1.40 C = 34.51 F Sfc-Lift cond lev (LCL): 962.82 mb = 429.47 m = 1409.02 ft T: -4.14 C 700-500 lapse rate: 3.90 C/km ThetaE index: 0.84 C Layer 955.0- 925.0 mb Conv cond level (CCL): 888.28 mb = 1063.86 m = 3490.32 ft Mean mixing ratio: 2.33 g/kg Conv temperature: 0.15 C = 32.28 F Cap Strength: 15.63 C Lifted Index: 16.47 C Risk: None Lifted Index @300 mb: 25.83 C Lifted Index @700 mb: 4.80 C Showalter Index: 15.94 C Risk: None Total Totals Index: 32.40 C Risk: None Vertical Totals Index: 17.80 C Cross Totals Index: 14.60 C K Index: -18.70 Risk: None Sweat Index: 158.00 Risk: None Energy Index: 4.05 Risk: None Parcel Indices Parcel: using 100 mb layer CAPE (B+): 10.54 J/kg Max Up Vert Vel: 4.59 m/s Conv Inhibition (B-): 82229.94 J/kg Cap Strength: 15.27 C Lift Cond Lev (LCL): 907.87 mb = 893.75 m = 2932.21 ft Lev Free Conv (LFC): -1.00 mb = -9999.00 m = -9999.00 ft Wind level data Storm motion: 294 at 44 knt ---------------------------------------------------------- TRUE/GROUND REL | STORM REL LEV P H DIR SPD U V | DIR SPD U V mb m knt m/s | knt m/s ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 989 215 275 14 13.9 -1.2 | 122 31 -26.0 16.4 1 941 610 290 23 21.6 -7.9 | 118 21 -18.3 9.8 2 925 748 295 26 23.6 -11.0 | 112 18 -16.4 6.6 3 905 914 290 25 23.5 -8.6 | 119 19 -16.4 9.1 4 871 1219 270 30 30.0 -0.0 | 151 20 -9.9 17.6 5 850 1405 265 35 34.9 3.1 | 166 21 -5.1 20.7 6 803 1829 265 35 34.9 3.1 | 166 21 -5.1 20.7 7 772 2134 265 36 35.9 3.1 | 169 21 -4.1 20.8 8 741 2438 270 35 35.0 -0.0 | 164 18 -4.9 17.6 9 712 2743 265 51 50.8 4.4 | 206 25 10.9 22.1 10 700 2867 265 55 54.8 4.8 | 214 27 14.9 22.4 11 683 3048 260 55 54.2 9.6 | 208 31 14.2 27.2 12 628 3658 265 65 64.8 5.7 | 227 34 24.8 23.3 13 578 4267 265 74 73.7 6.4 | 235 42 33.8 24.1 14 532 4877 265 78 77.7 6.8 | 237 45 37.8 24.4 15 510 5182 260 77 75.8 13.4 | 229 47 35.9 31.0 16 500 5330 255 88 85.0 22.8 | 228 61 45.1 40.4 17 449 6096 260 108 106.4 18.8 | 241 76 66.4 36.4 18 400 6910 260 118 116.2 20.5 | 243 85 76.3 38.1 19 360 7620 255 130 125.6 33.6 | 239 100 85.7 51.3 20 328 8230 255 139 134.3 36.0 | 240 109 94.3 53.6 21 310 8616 255 135 130.4 34.9 | 240 105 90.5 52.6 22 300 8830 255 140 135.2 36.2 | 241 109 95.3 53.9 23 300 8839 255 135 130.4 34.9 | 240 105 90.5 52.6 24 286 9144 260 150 147.7 26.0 | 248 116 107.8 43.7 25 283 9211 260 154 151.7 26.7 | 248 120 111.7 44.4 26 273 9449 260 154 151.7 26.7 | 248 120 111.7 44.4 27 250 10020 260 130 128.0 22.6 | 245 97 88.1 40.2 28 200 11480 260 103 101.4 17.9 | 240 71 61.5 35.5 29 197 11582 260 102 100.5 17.7 | 240 70 60.5 35.3 30 150 13340 250 95 89.3 32.5 | 225 70 49.4 50.1 31 141 13716 255 91 87.9 23.6 | 229 63 48.0 41.2 32 129 14326 260 97 95.5 16.8 | 238 65 55.6 34.5 33 117 14935 270 89 89.0 -0.0 | 250 52 49.1 17.6 34 112 15240 265 79 78.7 6.9 | 238 46 38.8 24.5 35 100 15940 260 73 71.9 12.7 | 227 44 32.0 30.3 36 97 16154 260 73 71.9 12.7 | 227 44 32.0 30.3 37 70 18210 285 42 40.6 -10.9 | 185 7 0.7 6.8 38 69 18288 280 48 47.3 -8.3 | 218 12 7.4 9.3 39 63 18898 285 35 33.8 -9.1 | 145 11 -6.1 8.6 40 60 19202 270 39 39.0 -0.0 | 177 18 -0.9 17.6 41 57 19507 240 38 32.9 19.0 | 169 37 -7.0 36.6 42 52 20117 250 44 41.3 15.0 | 183 33 1.4 32.7 43 50 20330 270 45 45.0 -0.0 | 196 18 5.1 17.6 44 47 20726 270 46 46.0 -0.0 | 199 19 6.1 17.6 45 43 21336 300 26 22.5 -13.0 | 105 18 -17.4 4.6 46 41 21641 265 29 28.9 2.5 | 151 23 -11.0 20.2 47 37 22250 285 26 25.1 -6.7 | 126 18 -14.8 10.9 48 33 22860 265 25 24.9 2.2 | 143 25 -15.0 19.8 49 32 23165 295 29 26.3 -12.3 | 112 15 -13.6 5.4 50 30 23470 270 28 28.0 -0.0 | 146 21 -11.9 17.6 51 30 23550 320 16 10.3 -12.3 | 100 30 -29.6 5.4 52 29 23774 305 30 24.6 -17.2 | 92 15 -15.3 0.4 53 28 24079 325 11 6.3 -9.0 | 104 35 -33.6 8.6 54 26 24384 290 5 4.7 -1.7 | 114 39 -35.2 15.9 55 25 24689 250 10 9.4 3.4 | 125 37 -30.5 21.1 56 24 24994 245 17 15.4 7.2 | 135 35 -24.5 24.8 57 23 25298 305 19 15.6 -10.9 | 105 25 -24.4 6.7 58 21 25908 335 26 11.0 -23.6 | 78 30 -28.9 -5.9 59 20 26120 230 11 8.4 7.1 | 128 40 -31.5 24.7 60 20 26213 325 11 6.3 -9.0 | 104 35 -33.6 8.6 61 19 26518 210 11 5.5 9.5 | 128 44 -34.4 27.2 62 18 26822 230 7 5.4 4.5 | 123 41 -34.6 22.1 63 17 27127 330 13 6.5 -11.3 | 101 34 -33.4 6.4 64 16 27432 325 13 7.5 -10.6 | 102 33 -32.5 7.0 65 16 27737 295 24 21.8 -10.1 | 112 20 -18.2 7.5 66 15 28042 320 24 15.4 -18.4 | 88 25 -24.5 -0.7 67 14 28346 335 19 8.0 -17.2 | 91 32 -31.9 0.4 68 14 28651 295 21 19.0 -8.9 | 113 23 -20.9 8.8 69 13 28956 320 21 13.5 -16.1 | 93 26 -26.4 1.5 70 12 29261 330 10 5.0 -8.7 | 104 36 -34.9 9.0 71 12 29566 280 11 10.8 -1.9 | 118 33 -29.1 15.7 72 11 29870 245 10 9.1 4.2 | 125 38 -30.9 21.9 73 11 30175 305 22 18.0 -12.6 | 103 22 -21.9 5.0 74 10 30610 265 17 16.9 1.5 | 130 30 -23.0 19.1 Wind Parameters Mean winds (0-6000m): 263.8 at 58.2 knts Storm direction: 293.8 at 43.6 knts Shear (0-3000m) pos: 2.4 neg: 6.6 tot: 9.0 10-3/s Storm rel Dir Shear (0-3000m): 90.8 deg Storm rel helicity (0-3000m) pos: 209.0 neg: -37.9 tot: 171.1 m^2/s^2 ave: 57.0 10^-3 m/s^2 rel: 0.52 Storm rel vorticity (0-3000m) horiz: 10.6 stream: 5.5 10^-3/s Energy-Hel index: 0.01 Bulk Rich Number: 0.05 Bulk Shear: 219.14 m/s Storm Parameters ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Depth Mean Inflow| Shear | Helicity | Vorticity AGL Dir Spd Dir Spd| Pos Neg Tot| Pos Neg Tot Ave Rel | Hor Strm m knt knt| 10^-3/s | m^2/s^2 m/s^2 | 10^-3/s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 500 286 20 120 24| 13.2 0.0 13.2| 0.6 -18.4 -17.8 -35.6 -0.24| 13.4 -3.2 1000 285 23 123 21| 6.6 6.2 12.9| 58.6 -18.4 40.3 40.3 0.34| 13.2 4.5 1500 277 27 138 20| 4.4 6.1 10.5| 89.8 -18.4 71.5 47.6 0.46| 10.8 5.0 2000 273 29 146 19| 3.6 4.6 8.1| 95.0 -20.1 75.0 37.5 0.45| 8.6 3.9 2500 272 31 152 19| 2.9 6.1 8.9|165.4 -25.4 140.0 56.0 0.55| 10.3 5.7 3000 269 35 165 19| 2.4 6.6 9.0|209.0 -37.9 171.1 57.0 0.52| 10.6 5.5 4000 267 43 189 20| 2.9 5.8 8.7|322.2 -37.9 284.3 71.1 0.57| 10.1 5.7 5000 266 50 205 23| 2.3 5.6 7.9|346.5-115.6 230.9 46.2 0.44| 9.4 4.1 6000 264 58 217 30| 2.9 6.2 9.1|632.1-126.6 505.5 84.2 0.44| 10.7 4.7 Wrote GIF file: /home/apache/climate/data/raob//KBUF/skewt/KBUF.skewt.20251204.12.gif