UPPER AIR CALCULATIONS AND PLOTTING (Ver 5.52-LINUX-X11) Current filename: /home/data/upa/2025102200.upa.cvt Date: 0000Z 22 OCT 25 Searching for KBUF... Searching the city database file for: KBUF ... Date:0000Z 22 OCT 25 Station: KBUF WMO ident: 72528 Latitude: 42.93 Longitude: -78.73 Elevation: 215.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LEV PRES HGHT TEMP DEWP RH DD WETB DIR SPD THETA THE-V THE-W THE-E W mb m C C % C C deg knt K K K K g/kg ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 1000 49 SFC 980 215 13.2 6.2 62 7.0 9.5 185 11 288.0 289.1 283.5 305.2 6.07 2 977 241 13.2 5.2 58 8.0 9.0 187 12 288.3 289.3 283.1 304.4 5.68 3 925 702 9.8 4.8 71 5.0 7.2 215 19 289.3 290.4 283.8 305.9 5.83 4 902 911 8.2 3.9 74 4.3 6.0 230 21 289.8 290.8 283.7 305.8 5.61 5 876 1152 6.4 0.4 65 6.0 3.5 234 23 290.3 291.1 282.7 303.3 4.49 6 872 1190 6.6 -2.4 53 9.0 2.5 234 24 290.9 291.6 282.0 301.6 3.67 7 850 1399 4.8 -2.2 60 7.0 1.7 240 23 291.2 291.9 282.3 302.3 3.82 8 793 1960 0.0 -3.9 75 3.9 -1.7 247 26 291.9 292.5 282.4 302.5 3.61 9 782 2072 -0.7 -5.6 69 4.9 -2.7 249 27 292.3 292.9 282.1 301.8 3.22 10 779 2102 -1.1 -3.9 81 2.8 -2.3 249 28 292.2 292.8 282.6 303.0 3.68 11 750 2404 -3.7 -4.5 94 0.8 -4.0 250 29 292.6 293.2 282.7 303.3 3.65 12 747 2435 -4.3 -5.6 91 1.3 -4.8 250 29 292.2 292.8 282.3 302.2 3.37 13 745 2456 -4.1 -4.1 100 0.0 -4.1 250 29 292.7 293.4 282.9 303.8 3.79 14 730 2617 -5.5 -5.5 100 0.0 -5.5 253 31 292.9 293.5 282.6 303.1 3.47 15 726 2660 -5.5 -8.2 81 2.7 -6.5 254 31 293.3 293.8 282.1 301.8 2.84 16 723 2692 -5.9 -6.9 93 1.0 -6.3 254 31 293.2 293.8 282.4 302.6 3.15 17 717 2757 -6.1 -8.5 83 2.4 -7.0 255 32 293.7 294.2 282.2 302.1 2.80 18 716 2768 -6.1 -10.2 73 4.1 -7.5 254 32 293.8 294.3 281.8 301.2 2.46 19 709 2845 -6.7 -13.7 57 7.0 -8.9 253 31 294.0 294.3 281.2 299.7 1.87 20 703 2912 -7.1 -12.1 67 5.0 -8.8 251 30 294.3 294.6 281.7 300.8 2.15 21 702 2923 -7.1 -13.1 62 6.0 -9.0 251 29 294.4 294.7 281.5 300.4 1.98 22 701 2934 -6.5 -21.5 29 15.0 -10.4 250 29 295.2 295.3 280.6 298.3 0.98 23 700 2945 -5.9 -23.9 23 18.0 -10.3 250 29 296.0 296.1 280.7 298.5 0.79 24 699 2956 -4.7 -30.7 11 26.0 -10.2 251 29 297.4 297.5 280.8 298.8 0.42 25 696 2990 -4.1 -37.1 6 33.0 -10.2 252 29 298.4 298.5 281.0 299.2 0.23 26 693 3024 -3.9 -37.9 5 34.0 -10.1 254 29 299.0 299.1 281.2 299.8 0.21 27 527 5106 -22.3 -44.3 12 22.0 -24.5 216 40 301.3 301.3 282.1 301.8 0.14 28 500 5490 -25.3 -39.3 26 14.0 -26.8 210 40 302.2 302.2 282.6 303.1 0.25 29 493 5592 -26.1 -39.1 28 13.0 -27.5 211 40 302.4 302.5 282.7 303.3 0.26 30 480 5785 -27.5 -42.5 23 15.0 -28.9 212 40 303.0 303.1 282.9 303.7 0.19 31 470 5936 -28.7 -40.7 31 12.0 -29.9 214 41 303.4 303.4 283.1 304.2 0.23 32 467 5982 -28.3 -54.3 6 26.0 -30.0 214 41 304.4 304.4 283.2 304.6 0.05 33 458 6121 -28.7 -56.7 5 28.0 -30.4 215 41 305.6 305.6 283.7 305.8 0.04 34 449 6263 -29.5 -47.5 16 18.0 -30.9 218 40 306.4 306.4 284.1 306.8 0.12 35 443 6359 -29.9 -55.9 6 26.0 -31.4 219 40 307.0 307.0 284.2 307.2 0.04 36 434 6505 -30.5 -49.5 14 19.0 -31.9 218 42 308.1 308.1 284.7 308.4 0.10 37 433 6521 -30.5 -47.5 17 17.0 -31.8 217 42 308.3 308.3 284.8 308.7 0.12 38 431 6554 -30.7 -46.7 19 16.0 -31.9 216 43 308.4 308.5 284.9 308.9 0.13 39 430 6571 -30.9 -41.9 33 11.0 -31.9 216 43 308.4 308.4 285.0 309.2 0.22 40 427 6620 -31.1 -44.1 27 13.0 -32.2 215 44 308.7 308.8 285.1 309.4 0.18 41 422 6704 -31.9 -39.9 45 8.0 -32.7 213 46 308.8 308.8 285.2 309.8 0.28 42 418 6771 -32.3 -41.3 40 9.0 -33.1 211 47 309.1 309.1 285.3 310.0 0.25 43 413 6856 -32.9 -39.9 50 7.0 -33.6 209 49 309.4 309.4 285.5 310.4 0.29 44 411 6890 -33.3 -41.3 45 8.0 -34.0 208 50 309.3 309.3 285.4 310.2 0.25 45 403 7028 -34.1 -42.1 44 8.0 -34.8 206 52 310.0 310.1 285.6 310.8 0.23 46 400 7080 -34.3 -45.3 32 11.0 -35.1 210 53 310.4 310.4 285.7 311.0 0.17 47 395 7168 -34.5 -50.5 18 16.0 -35.5 210 53 311.3 311.3 285.9 311.6 0.09 48 387 7311 -35.5 -52.5 16 17.0 -36.4 210 54 311.8 311.8 286.1 312.1 0.08 49 373 7567 -37.5 -51.5 22 14.0 -38.2 210 56 312.4 312.5 286.3 312.8 0.09 50 360 7811 -39.1 -58.1 12 19.0 -39.9 211 59 313.5 313.5 286.6 313.6 0.04 51 334 8321 -43.5 -55.5 25 12.0 -43.9 212 66 314.2 314.3 286.9 314.5 0.06 52 323 8546 -44.3 -59.3 17 15.0 -44.7 213 69 316.2 316.2 287.5 316.3 0.04 53 301 9018 -46.0 -62.9 13 16.9 -46.4 215 76 320.2 320.2 288.8 320.3 0.03 54 300 9040 -46.1 -63.1 13 17.0 -46.6 215 76 320.4 320.4 288.9 320.5 0.03 55 287 9335 -46.5 -65.5 10 19.0 -47.0 216 74 323.9 323.9 290.0 324.0 0.02 56 260 9990 -47.5 -70.5 5 23.0 -48.0 219 67 331.7 331.7 292.2 331.8 0.01 57 250 10250 -47.1 -72.1 4 25.0 -47.6 220 64 336.0 336.0 293.3 336.1 0.01 58 200 11720 -46.1 -78.1 1 32.0 -46.9 220 51 359.8 359.8 298.7 359.8 0.00 59 150 13610 -51.1 -82.1 1 31.0 -51.7 235 49 382.0 382.0 302.6 382.0 0.00 60 100 16200 -56.3 -85.3 1 29.0 -56.8 225 27 418.9 418.9 307.6 419.0 0.00 61 98 16329 -55.1 -85.1 1 30.0 -55.6 227 27 423.7 423.7 308.2 423.7 0.00 62 92 16729 -57.9 -85.9 2 28.0 -58.3 204 30 425.9 425.9 308.4 425.9 0.00 63 84 17307 -54.9 -85.9 1 31.0 -55.5 229 35 443.2 443.2 310.2 443.2 0.00 64 76 17942 -57.9 -86.9 1 29.0 -58.4 263 20 449.8 449.8 310.8 449.8 0.00 65 75 18025 -57.1 -86.1 1 29.0 -57.6 264 17 453.2 453.2 311.1 453.2 0.00 66 70 18460 -58.9 -86.9 2 28.0 -59.4 195 15 458.4 458.4 311.6 458.4 0.00 67 65 18925 -59.9 -87.9 1 28.0 -60.3 220 16 466.0 466.0 312.3 466.0 0.00 68 52 20332 -56.7 -86.7 1 30.0 -57.5 259 11 504.2 504.2 315.2 504.2 0.00 69 50 20580 -58.3 -87.3 1 29.0 -59.0 285 3 506.1 506.1 315.4 506.1 0.00 70 41 21816 -61.5 -88.5 2 27.0 -62.1 216 14 527.7 527.7 316.8 527.7 0.00 71 34 22976 -60.5 -88.5 1 28.0 -61.3 255 10 559.3 559.3 318.6 559.3 0.00 72 32 23355 -58.1 -88.1 1 30.0 -59.2 228 14 575.5 575.5 319.5 575.6 0.01 73 30 23760 -59.1 -88.1 1 29.0 -60.1 265 22 583.5 583.5 319.8 583.6 0.01 74 28 24193 -58.7 -87.7 1 29.0 -59.8 281 19 596.3 596.3 320.5 596.3 0.01 75 26 24656 -61.1 -89.1 1 28.0 -62.0 325 17 602.2 602.2 320.7 602.3 0.01 76 26 24656 -61.1 -89.1 1 28.0 -62.0 325 17 602.2 602.2 320.7 602.3 0.01 77 20 26300 -57.7 -87.7 1 30.0 -59.4 280 23 659.6 659.6 323.0 659.6 0.01 78 19 26624 -57.7 -87.7 1 30.0 -59.5 286 21 669.3 669.3 323.4 669.4 0.01 79 18 26964 -59.1 -88.1 1 29.0 -60.7 289 20 675.3 675.3 323.6 675.4 0.01 80 17 27324 -57.7 -88.7 1 31.0 -59.6 286 18 690.9 690.9 324.1 691.0 0.01 81 15 28112 -59.3 -88.3 1 29.0 -61.1 276 25 710.8 710.8 324.8 710.9 0.01 82 13 29016 -55.7 -87.7 1 32.0 -58.6 272 31 753.0 753.0 326.0 753.1 0.01 83 12 29526 -56.3 -87.3 1 31.0 -59.2 282 36 768.3 768.3 326.4 768.4 0.02 84 11 30075 -58.9 -88.9 1 30.0 -61.3 282 41 778.2 778.2 326.7 778.3 0.01 85 10 30680 -54.3 -87.3 1 33.0 -58.2 275 34 816.9 816.9 327.7 817.0 0.02 86 9.5 31009 -52.3 -86.3 1 34.0 -57.1 273 37 836.5 836.5 328.1 836.7 0.02 87 9.0 31357 -53.5 -85.5 1 32.0 -58.0 271 39 844.9 844.9 328.3 845.2 0.03 88 8.4 31802 -51.7 -85.7 1 34.0 -57.1 268 43 868.8 868.8 328.8 869.1 0.03 89 8.0 32117 -52.9 -85.9 1 33.0 -57.9 266 45 876.3 876.3 329.0 876.5 0.03 90 7.0 32980 -51.1 -85.1 1 34.0 -57.3 260 52 917.8 917.8 329.8 918.2 0.04 91 6.7 33265 -51.7 -85.7 1 34.0 -57.9 926.9 926.9 329.9 927.2 0.04 92 6.3 33667 -48.7 -84.7 1 36.0 -56.5 956.1 956.1 330.5 956.6 0.05 TRP 300 9040 -46.1 -63.1 13 17.0 -46.6 215 76 320.4 320.4 288.9 320.5 0.03 WND 301 9018 -46.0 -62.9 13 16.9 -46.4 215 76 320.2 320.2 288.8 320.3 0.03 Sounding variables and indices 1000-500 mb thick: 5441.00 m Freezing level: 793.00 mb = 1959.99 m = 6430.34 ft Wetbulb zero: 821.66 mb = 1673.03 m = 5488.87 ft Precipitable water: 0.50 inches Sfc-500 mean rel hum: 41.20 % Est. max temperature: 16.60 C = 61.88 F Sfc-Lift cond lev (LCL): 881.75 mb = 1098.01 m = 3602.34 ft T: 6.80 C 700-500 lapse rate: 7.62 C/km ThetaE index: 4.30 C Layer 902.0- 850.0 mb Conv cond level (CCL): 823.17 mb = 1658.22 m = 5440.28 ft Mean mixing ratio: 5.61 g/kg Conv temperature: 16.69 C = 62.03 F Cap Strength: 3.17 C Lifted Index: 0.11 C Risk: Showers probable Lifted Index @300 mb: 10.89 C Lifted Index @700 mb: 0.64 C Showalter Index: 2.04 C Risk: Showers probable Total Totals Index: 53.20 C Risk: Scattered heavy thunderstorms Vertical Totals Index: 30.10 C Cross Totals Index: 23.10 C K Index: 9.90 Risk: None Sweat Index: 170.00 Risk: None Energy Index: 0.18 Risk: None Parcel Indices Parcel: using 100 mb layer CAPE (B+): 26.39 J/kg Max Up Vert Vel: 7.27 m/s Conv Inhibition (B-): 45.96 J/kg Cap Strength: 3.11 C Lift Cond Lev (LCL): 851.18 mb = 1387.60 m = 4552.45 ft Lev Free Conv (LFC): 766.18 mb = 2234.18 m = 7329.89 ft Equ Level (EL): 696.18 mb = 2987.93 m = 9802.81 ft B at Equ Level: 20.27 J/kg Max Parcel Lev (MPL): 676.18 mb = 3210.81 m = 10534.04 ft Wind level data Storm motion: 259 at 23 knt ---------------------------------------------------------- TRUE/GROUND REL | STORM REL LEV P H DIR SPD U V | DIR SPD U V mb m knt m/s | knt m/s ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 980 215 185 11 1.0 11.0 | 106 23 -21.7 6.4 1 935 610 210 19 9.5 16.5 | 132 18 -13.2 11.9 2 925 702 215 19 10.9 15.6 | 133 16 -11.8 11.0 3 901 914 230 21 16.1 13.5 | 144 11 -6.6 8.9 4 869 1219 235 24 19.7 13.8 | 162 10 -3.0 9.2 5 850 1399 240 23 19.9 11.5 | 158 7 -2.8 6.9 6 805 1829 245 25 22.7 10.6 | 180 6 -0.0 6.0 7 775 2134 250 28 26.3 9.6 | 216 6 3.6 5.0 8 746 2438 250 29 27.3 9.9 | 221 7 4.6 5.4 9 718 2743 255 32 30.9 8.3 | 246 9 8.2 3.7 10 700 2945 250 29 27.3 9.9 | 221 7 4.6 5.4 11 691 3048 255 29 28.0 7.5 | 241 6 5.3 2.9 12 637 3658 230 31 23.7 19.9 | 184 15 1.1 15.4 13 588 4267 225 34 24.0 24.0 | 184 20 1.4 19.5 14 542 4877 220 40 25.7 30.6 | 187 26 3.0 26.1 15 500 5490 210 40 20.0 34.6 | 175 30 -2.7 30.1 16 459 6096 215 41 23.5 33.6 | 182 29 0.8 29.0 17 440 6401 220 40 25.7 30.6 | 187 26 3.0 26.1 18 404 7010 205 52 22.0 47.1 | 179 43 -0.7 42.6 19 400 7080 210 53 26.5 45.9 | 185 42 3.8 41.3 20 370 7620 210 56 28.0 48.5 | 187 44 5.3 43.9 21 301 9018 215 76 43.6 62.3 | 200 61 20.9 57.7 22 300 9040 215 76 43.6 62.3 | 200 61 20.9 57.7 23 295 9144 215 76 43.6 62.3 | 200 61 20.9 57.7 24 250 10250 220 64 41.1 49.0 | 203 48 18.5 44.5 25 246 10363 215 69 39.6 56.5 | 198 55 16.9 52.0 26 235 10668 215 53 30.4 43.4 | 191 40 7.7 38.9 27 214 11278 215 62 35.6 50.8 | 196 48 12.9 46.2 28 204 11582 225 53 37.5 37.5 | 204 36 14.8 32.9 29 200 11720 220 51 32.8 39.1 | 196 36 10.1 34.5 30 170 12802 215 47 27.0 38.5 | 187 34 4.3 33.9 31 150 13610 235 49 40.1 28.1 | 217 29 17.5 23.5 32 148 13716 225 54 38.2 38.2 | 205 37 15.5 33.6 33 141 14021 235 47 38.5 27.0 | 215 27 15.8 22.4 34 134 14326 210 35 17.5 30.3 | 169 26 -5.2 25.7 35 122 14935 245 28 25.4 11.8 | 200 8 2.7 7.3 36 116 15240 240 22 19.1 11.0 | 151 7 -3.6 6.4 37 111 15545 205 21 8.9 19.0 | 136 20 -13.8 14.5 38 106 15850 210 23 11.5 19.9 | 144 19 -11.2 15.4 39 101 16154 175 22 -1.9 21.9 | 125 30 -24.6 17.4 40 100 16200 225 27 19.1 19.1 | 166 15 -3.6 14.5 41 96 16459 230 27 20.7 17.4 | 171 13 -2.0 12.8 42 91 16764 200 30 10.3 28.2 | 152 27 -12.4 23.6 43 87 17069 215 38 21.8 31.1 | 178 27 -0.9 26.6 44 79 17678 250 31 29.1 10.6 | 227 9 6.5 6.0 45 75 17983 265 18 17.9 1.6 | 58 6 -4.7 -3.0 46 72 18288 255 12 11.6 3.1 | 83 11 -11.1 -1.5 47 70 18460 195 15 3.9 14.5 | 118 21 -18.8 9.9 48 69 18593 180 10 0.0 10.0 | 103 23 -22.7 5.4 49 65 18898 220 17 10.9 13.0 | 126 14 -11.7 8.5 50 62 19202 225 10 7.1 7.1 | 99 16 -15.6 2.5 51 59 19507 215 20 11.5 16.4 | 137 16 -11.2 11.8 52 54 20117 255 15 14.5 3.9 | 85 8 -8.2 -0.7 53 51 20422 260 10 9.8 1.7 | 78 13 -12.8 -2.8 54 50 20580 285 3 2.9 -0.8 | 75 20 -19.8 -5.3 55 47 21031 240 2 1.7 1.0 | 80 21 -20.9 -3.6 56 44 21336 145 8 -4.6 6.6 | 94 27 -27.3 2.0 57 40 21946 235 16 13.1 9.2 | 116 11 -9.6 4.6 58 38 22250 260 16 15.8 2.8 | 76 7 -6.9 -1.8 59 36 22555 255 20 19.3 5.2 | 100 3 -3.4 0.6 60 35 22860 285 10 9.7 -2.6 | 61 15 -13.0 -7.2 61 33 23165 210 10 5.0 8.7 | 103 18 -17.7 4.1 62 30 23760 265 22 21.9 1.9 | 16 3 -0.8 -2.6 63 30 23774 300 13 11.3 -6.5 | 46 16 -11.4 -11.1 64 29 24079 270 18 18.0 -0.0 | 46 7 -4.7 -4.6 65 27 24384 300 22 19.1 -11.0 | 13 16 -3.6 -15.6 66 25 24994 355 11 1.0 -11.0 | 54 27 -21.7 -15.5 67 23 25298 285 15 14.5 -3.9 | 44 12 -8.2 -8.4 68 22 25603 285 12 11.6 -3.1 | 55 13 -11.1 -7.7 69 21 25908 245 16 14.5 6.8 | 105 8 -8.2 2.2 70 20 26300 280 23 22.7 -4.0 | 0 9 -0.0 -8.6 71 18 26822 290 20 18.8 -6.8 | 19 12 -3.9 -11.4 72 17 27432 285 18 17.4 -4.7 | 30 11 -5.3 -9.2 73 15 28042 275 28 27.9 -2.4 | 323 9 5.2 -7.0 74 14 28346 280 16 15.8 -2.8 | 43 10 -6.9 -7.3 75 14 28651 260 30 29.5 5.2 | 265 7 6.9 0.6 76 13 29261 280 31 30.5 -5.4 | 322 13 7.9 -9.9 77 11 29870 285 43 41.5 -11.1 | 310 25 18.9 -15.7 78 10 30680 275 34 33.9 -3.0 | 304 13 11.2 -7.5 79 7 32980 260 52 51.2 9.0 | 261 29 28.5 4.5 Wind Parameters Mean winds (0-6000m): 228.6 at 30.8 knts Storm direction: 258.6 at 23.1 knts Shear (0-3000m) pos: 5.1 neg: 0.7 tot: 5.8 10-3/s Storm rel Dir Shear (0-3000m): 110.0 deg Storm rel helicity (0-3000m) pos: 87.7 neg: -10.5 tot: 77.2 m^2/s^2 ave: 25.7 10^-3 m/s^2 rel: 0.50 Storm rel vorticity (0-3000m) horiz: 7.2 stream: 3.6 10^-3/s Energy-Hel index: 0.01 Bulk Rich Number: 0.64 Bulk Shear: 41.55 m/s Storm Parameters ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Depth Mean Inflow| Shear | Helicity | Vorticity AGL Dir Spd Dir Spd| Pos Neg Tot| Pos Neg Tot Ave Rel | Hor Strm m knt knt| 10^-3/s | m^2/s^2 m/s^2 | 10^-3/s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 500 204 16 121 19| 11.5 0.0 11.5| 51.0 0.0 51.0 102.1 0.78| 12.7 9.8 1000 219 19 132 15| 9.7 0.0 9.7| 68.2 0.0 68.2 68.2 0.72| 10.9 7.8 1500 227 20 140 12| 7.2 0.0 7.2| 71.3 -0.9 70.4 46.9 0.65| 8.7 5.6 2000 234 22 149 10| 6.6 0.0 6.6| 78.6 -0.9 77.7 38.9 0.70| 7.8 5.4 2500 238 23 161 8| 6.1 0.0 6.1| 85.8 -0.9 84.9 34.0 0.71| 7.1 5.1 3000 241 25 171 7| 5.1 0.7 5.8| 87.7 -10.5 77.2 25.7 0.50| 7.2 3.6 4000 238 26 179 9| 3.8 2.1 6.0| 87.9 -29.4 58.4 14.6 0.26| 7.1 1.9 5000 234 29 182 13| 3.1 2.7 5.7| 93.3 -52.1 41.2 8.2 0.19| 6.8 1.3 6000 229 31 182 16| 2.8 2.4 5.2|126.6 -70.9 55.7 9.3 0.19| 6.4 1.2 Wrote GIF file: /home/apache/climate/data/raob//KBUF/skewt/KBUF.skewt.20251022.00.gif